Transcript Slide 1

An Evolving Landscape:
Addressing Access Issues in
Academic and Research
Publishing Today
Richard Fyffe
Rosenthal Librarian of the College
Grinnell College
Marquette University • 26 September 2008
Scholarly Communication
The technological and institutional means by
which theories, interpretations, and findings
are submitted to the scrutiny of disciplinary
experts and critiqued, endorsed,
disseminated, synthesized, and archived on
behalf of a broad community of teachers
and learners (novice and advanced, lay and
professional).
4 Key Trends
1. Increasing availability to a broader range of users
for a broader range of purposes (“open access”)
2. Blurring of boundaries between “formal” and
“informal” scholarly communication
3. Increasing attention to the processes of scholarship
and the enduring value of works created at
different stages in the research process
4. Increasing collaboration among the traditional
agents in the scholarly communication process
(research centers, publishers, libraries, information
technology departments)
Opportunities Lost?
“… access to the internet and World Wide Web is
ubiquitous; consequently nearly all intellectual
effort results in some form of “publishing”. Yet
universities do not treat the publishing function as
an important, mission-centric endeavor … and the
result has been a scholarly publishing industry that
many in the university community find to be
increasingly out of step with the important values
of the academy.”
Source: Laura Brown, Rebecca Griffiths, and Matthew Rascoff. 2007.
University Publishing in a Digital Age. Ithaka.
What Has Made These Changes
Possible?
• Desktop authoring tools
• The Internet
• Repository and social networking
technology
• Copyright law
What Has Motivated These Changes?
• Competition for research impact
• New disciplinary practices
• New social norms (e.g., taxpayer
expectations)
• Increasing prices and numbers of scholarly
journals
Topography of This Evolving
Landscape
1. Repository and social networking
technologies
2. Legal issues: copyright
3. Open-access scholarship
4. New collaborations: libraries, IT
departments, university presses
Repository Technologies and
Enduring Scholarship
• Structured metadata
• Harvesting protocols
• Durable citations (persistent addresses)
Social Networking Technologies
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Blogs
Wikis
Photo-sharing sites (e.g., Flickr)
Video-sharing sites (e.g., You-tube)
Copyright 101
• Authors own their work
• Copyright is a bundle of rights
• Ownership can be transferred OR specific
rights can be licensed
Authors’ Rights
“Scientists and scientific publishers have an
opportunity to take a leading role in the
creative use of licensing or copyright
transfer to build a new publishing
system”—AAAS, “Seizing the Moment:
Scientists’ Authorship Rights,” July 2002
Source: http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/projects/epub/
New Models of Copyright
Management
• Creative Commons Licensing:
http://creativecommons.org/license/
• Amending copyright transfer agreements:
SPARC: http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml
 Science Commons:

http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/
Open-Access Scholarship: A Coat
With Many Colors
• Business models
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Commercial and non-commercial
• Revenue models
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“Author pays” and subsidized
• Access models
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Pure open-access and mixtures of open-access and
subscription-access content
Immediate vs. embargoed access
Open-access Content
1.
2.
3.
4.
Journals
Articles / Repositories
Theses and dissertations
Data
Open-access Journals
• Include peer-reviewed and editor-reviewed
journals
• Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
registers 3,653 individual journals
Source: http://www.doaj.org; 20 Sept. 2008
Open-Access Articles
• “Self-archiving”
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Working papers
Manuscript as submitted
Final corrected manuscript
Article formatted as published
• NIH requirement (2008)
 PubMed Central repository
Open-Access Repositories
• Directory of Open Access Repositories has
registered over 1200 article repositories
• May include data, texts, images, and other
ancillary materials not formally published
Source: www.opendoar.org; 20 September 2008
Open-Access Repositories
• Disciplinary:
 e.g., arxiv.org: "Open access to 493,088 eprints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer
Science, Quantitative Biology and Statistics"
• Institutional
[SCREENSHOT OF
KUScholarworks]
Publisher Policies
Some form of self-archiving of papers
published in conventional journals is
permitted by 68% of 414 scholarly
publishers surveyed:
Publisher Policies
• 137 publishers permit self-archiving of accepted
pre-prints and PDF post-prints (“Green” publishers)
• 97 publishers permit self-archiving of the corrected
accepted manuscript but not the publisher’s PDF
(“Blue” publishers)
• 49 publishers permit self-archiving only of the prerefereed manuscript (“Yellow” publishers)
Source: SHERPA (Securing a Hybrid Environment for Research Preservation and Access),
University of Nottingham: www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php (28 August 2008).
Research Impact
• A 2004 study of citation rates for specific
journals concludes that “OA journals have a
broadly similar citation pattern to other
journals”
• “Open access” here means “unqualified open
access” not including author self-archived
copies.
Source: “The Impact of Open Access Journals: A Citation Study from Thomson ISI”
(http://scientific.thomson.com/media/presentrep/acropdf/impact-oa-journals.pdf)
Research Impact
A 2005 study analyzed one million articles in
about 1000 journals between 1992 and 2003
and concluded:
• the percentage of OA articles ranges from
5% - 20% depending on discipline,
specialty and year;
Research Impact
• In four disciplines and 28 subfields analyzed,
the OA articles have a citation advantage
ranging from 25% - 250%.
• Disciplines = Biology, Business, Psychology,
Sociology
Source: Hajjem, C., Gingras, Y., Brody, T., Carr, L. and Harnad, S. (2005) Open Access to
Research Increases Citation Impact. Technical Report, Institut des sciences cognitives,
Université du Québec à Montréal (http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11687/)
Open-access Theses and
Dissertations
• Visibility for student authors
• Visibility for advisors and institutions
• National Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertations (NDLTD)
• Questions about impact on future
publication
Open-access Data
• Open Data


NIH Requirement since 2003 for grants over
$500,000.
“Recorded factual material commonly
accepted in the scientific community as
necessary to validate research findings.”
Open-access Data
• “Open-notebook science”
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Often blog- or wiki-based
Questions about preservation
Example: UsefulChem:
http://usefulchem.wikispaces.com/
[screenshot of open notebook]
Open-access Dissemination: Data
“ … examined the citation history of 85 cancer
microarray clinical trial publications with respect to
the availability of their data. The 48% of trials with
publicly available microarray data received 85% of
the aggregate citations. Publicly available data was
significantly (p = 0.006) associated with a 69%
increase in citations, independently of journal
impact factor, date of publication, and author
country of origin using linear regression.”
Source: Piwowar, H. A., Day, R. S. and Fridsma, D. B. (2007). Sharing Detailed Research Data
Is Associated with Increased Citation Rate. PLoS ONE, March 21, 2007.
U.S. University Policies
• Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences
(February 2008)
• Harvard Faculty of Law (May 2008)
• Stanford Department of Education (June
2008)
New Collaborations
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Libraries
Research Centers
Graduate Schools
IT Departments
University Presses
Museums
2 Seminal Papers
2003: Clifford A. Lynch, "Institutional
Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for
Scholarship in the Digital Age," ARL Bimonthly
Report 226 (February 2003), 1-7. Available:
www.arl.org/newsltr/226/ir.html.
2007: Laura Brown, Rebecca Griffiths, and Matthew
Rascoff, University Publishing in a Digital Age.
Available:
www.ithaka.org/publications/UniversityPublishingI
nADigitalAge
Richard Fyffe
Rosenthal Librarian of the College
Grinnell College
fyffe @ grinnell.edu
Copyright Richard Fyffe, 2008
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