Transcript Intro to Services

Intro to Services
Types of Services
Origin of Services
What is a service?
 Any activity that fulfills a human want or need
and returns money to those who provide it
 Only one locational factor is necessary for
services: proximity to markets (customers)
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Choosing a location for a service is more
precise than choosing a location for an
industry
Types of Services
Consumer, business, and public services
Consumer Services
 The purpose of a commercial service is to
provide services to individual consumers who
desire them, and can afford to pay for them
 There are two types of consumer services:
retail and personal
Retail Services
 Provide goods for sale
to consumers
 1/5 of all jobs in the
United States are in
retail services
 Includes:
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Wholesale
Restaurants
Food stores
Shops selling goods
Personal Services
 Provides services for
well-being and personal
improvement of
individual consumers
 Most of these jobs are
in health care or
education
 Also include:
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Arts and entertainment
Personal care
Business Services
 The principal purpose of business services is
to facilitate other businesses
 There are two main types of business
services: producer services and
transportation services
Producer Services
 Provide services primarily to help
people conduct other businesseither agriculture, manufacturing,
or other services
 1/5 of US jobs are in producer
services
 Include:
 Financial services
 Law
 Engineering
 Management
 Advertising
 Employment agencies
 Janitorial work
Transportation Services
 Diffuse and distribute
services
 Include:
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Trucking
Publishing
Broadcasting
Public Services
 Purpose is to provide
security and protection
for citizens and
businesses
 About 10 percent of
workers in the US
receive a paycheck
from the government
Origin of Services
Early settlements
 Services require permanent settlements
 People were nomadic prior to the emergence
of settlements
 Although we do not know for sure, it is
assumed that personal services came first,
followed by public services, and finally
transportation, producer, and retail services
Early Personal Services
 The first service probably was probably associated with
burial of the dead
 After establishing a place for burial, priests were
needed to say prayers for the deceased
 Many settlement were created around a temple
Personal services
 Settlements could also
have been established
to house families
 Men were migratory,
while women cared for
the home and family
 Education became
important
Personal services
 People also needed
goods
 Early manufacturing
centers began
 Specialization
happened during this
time
Early Public Services
 Political leaders chose to live permanently in the settlement
to protect the group’s land claim
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For protection from other groups, some citizens became
soldiers
 Cities became fortified, or surrounded/protected by a wall
 Settlements became citadels, or centers of military power
Early Retail and Producer Services
 Everyone in the settlement needed food, and
eventually people began to create and store
excess food
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This was the beginning of transportation
services
 Settlements also began to trade with other
settlements, and store their excess materials
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This was the beginning of retail services
 Settlements were neutral ground to trade,
and some people helped facilitate this
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This was the beginning of producer services
Services in Rural
Settlements
Clustered and Dispersed
Clustered Rural Settlements
 A number of families live in close proximity to
each other with fields surrounding the
collection of houses and farm buildings
 Includes homes, barns, tool sheds, other farm
structures, plus personal services like
religious structures and schools
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Also called a village or hamlet
Clustered rural settlements
 Property is dispersed so that individual
farmers may farm on a parcel of land
allocated to them by the village
 Sometimes farmers owned parcels not
contiguous to each other
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Typical clusters are arranged either circularly
or linearly
Circular Rural Settlements
 Central open space surrounded by structures
Linear Rural Settlements
 Feature buildings
clustered along a
road, river, or dike to
facilitate
communications
 The fields extend
behind the buildings in
long, narrow strips
 Known as long-lots to
the French
Colonial American Clustered
Settlements
 The first European colonists settled along the
East Coast in three regions: New England,
the Southeast, and the Middle Atlantic
New England
 Settlers built their settlement around an open
area called a common
 Settlers grouped their homes and public
buildings around the common
 They were favored for the following reasons:
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Colonists traveled in groups
Reinforced cultural and religious values
Outsiders were not welcome
Southeast
 Southeastern colonies were settled as small,
dispersed farms
 Later became plantations
Dispersed Rural Settlements
 More common in the last 200 years
 Clustered settlements meet the needs of a
small population, but does not leave room for
expansion
Enclosure Movement
 To improve agricultural productivity, many
European countries attempted to convert the
clustered settlements into dispersed
settlements
 Britain imposed the Enclosure Movement
between 1750-1850
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They consolidated strips of land owned by
farmers into a single family-farm
Farmers did not have to waste time traveling
from one parcel of land to another
Destroyed village life