The Progressive Era 1900-1920

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

A. 3 Sources of Reform

1. Religion-YMCA, YWCA, & Salvation Army helped poor and working people.

2. Press-Muckrakers=journalists who pointed out what was wrong with society.

Lincoln Steffens & Ida Tarbell took on big business.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

Upton Sinclair-The Jungle-about stockyard workers and meat-packing plants.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

A. 3 Sources of Reform

3. Radical Political Groups-1901-Socialist Party organized, Eugene V. Debs candidate. Socialism=eliminates private ownership.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

B. Cities and States Change 1. New mayors in cities-Progressive and Socialist 2. New ways to manage cities-city commissions and council-manager system form.

3. Reform governors-attack industry and big business Robert M. LaFollette-Wisconsin, attacked corporations and ended special treatment.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

B. Cities and States Change 4. Direct primary-eliminated the political machine, candidates chosen by popular vote.

5. Social reforms & issues-child labor, long hours, worker's compensation laws.

Theodore Roosevelt The Progressive President

T R

Personality-Outdoorsman, Harvard graduate, and conservationist. Career-Began as Republican Governor of New York. He immediately began to reform politics and industry in the state.

-Became vice-president in 1900 -September 6, 1901- McKinley assassinated and T.R. became president

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

B. Cities and States Change 4. Direct primary-eliminated the political machine, candidates chosen by popular vote.

5. Social reforms & issues-child labor, long hours, worker's compensation laws.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms 1. Increasing Federal Power – Government needed to be more active to help US grow.

2. Mediating Labor Disputes – Athracite Coal Strike – Roosevelt threatened to take over over mines after owners refused to accept precedent that arbitration deal he bad brokered. Set the government could intervene if it was in the public's interests.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms 3. Regulating Trusts – TR filed 44 suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act. He prided himself as the "trustbuster", breaking up many large trusts, including Standard Oil.

Northern Securities v US, 1904, American Tobacco v US, 1911 – Key cases

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms 4. Regulating Transportation – passed 2 Acts Elkins Act, 1903 – Made rebates from RR companies illegal Hepburn Act, 1906 – Allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum rates and regulate RR prices.

5. Protecting Health – Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906. Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley pushed for labeling of foods because of question ingredients.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms 6. Conservation – TR set up 5 national parks, 50 wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Crater Lake

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms

Mesa Verde

6. Conservation – TR set up 5 national parks, 50 wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms

I. Reforming the Industrial U.S.

D. The Square Deal – Roosevelt's Reforms 6. Conservation – TR set up 5 national parks, 50 wildlife sanctuaries, and 18 monuments.

Petrified Forest

II. Progressivism Continues A. William Howard Taft as President 1. Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan in 1908 – much more cautious than TR 2. Taft fought to lower tariffs but many conservative Republicans opposed Aldrich Tariff in 1909 tariffs.

him. Payne reduced

II. Progressivism Continues A. William Howard Taft as President 3. Taft returned much of the conserved lands to public sale. 4. Taft appointed many unpopular officials, including Joseph Cannon as Speaker of the House. "Uncle Joe" ruled as a dictator, only considering conservative bills.

II. Progressivism Continues Roosevelt’s View of Taft

II. Progressivism Continues B. Election of 1912 1. Roosevelt – Bull Moose Party Taft – Republican Wilson – Democrat 2. Republican Party was split between Taft and TR, Democrats are united.

3. Wilson won 435 electoral votes and the election. The Democrats controlled the Senate and the House of Representatives as well.

II. Progressivism Continues C. Woodrow Wilson as President Wilson declared the need for a "New Freedom", and attacked tariffs, finance and trusts.

1. 16th Amendment – 1913 – Established a federal income tax. This has become the government's largest source of revenue.

2. 17th Amendment – 1913 – Provided for direct election of Senators. From the Populist Party in the late 1800's.

II. Progressivism Continues C. Woodrow Wilson as President Wilson declared the need for a "New Freedom", and attacked tariffs, finance and trusts.

3. Underwood Tariff – 1913 – first real lowering of restrictive tariffs since the Civil War.

4. Federal Reserve Act – 1913 – Created 12 districts, each with its own federal reserve bank. Created the Federal Reserve Board to Regulate the system.

II. Progressivism Continues C. Woodrow Wilson as President Wilson declared the need for a "New Freedom", and attacked tariffs, finance and trusts.

5. Federal Trade Act – 1914 – Created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate unfair business practices.

6. Clayton Act – 1914 – Declared monopolies and other business practices illegal. Extended the Sherman Antitrust Act.

II. Life in America Improves A. Transportation Revolution

1. Automobile-1903-Henry Ford organized Ford Motor Company. His Model T was priced under $300 (affordable). Created urban sprawl as people could move away from factories. Ford introduced 2 ideas that revolutionized industry:

II. Life in America Improves A. Transportation Revolution (1) assembly line-parts and machines organized in sequence.

(2) 5 dollar day-cost Ford $12 million first year but profit doubled after 3 years.

II. Life in America Improves A. Transportation Revolution 2. Flight-Orville and Wilbur Wright made first flight at Kitty Hawk, NC on Dec 17, 1903.

Military used planes for scouting and some combat in WWI.

North Carolina-First Flight

II. Life in America Improves B. City Improvements 1. Skyscrapers-first designed by Louis Sullivan, solved space problems.

Central Park 2. Parks and Amusement Parks-gave city dwellers recreation areas. Frederick Law Olmstead becomes famous as a designer after planning New York’s Central Park and landscaping in Washington, D.C.

II. Life in America Improves B. City Improvements 3. Shopping increased as goods were abundant and affordable. Mail order catalogs brought shopping to the home. Department stores, chain stores (Woolworth), and shopping centers became popular.

4. Restaurants sprung up as cities became more prosperous.

5. Settlement Houses-provided education, activities, and services in slums.

II. Life in America Improves C. Education and Information Improvements 1. 31 states passed attendance laws, high schools grew and colleges accepted more students.

2. McGuffey Reader was the first real textbook used.

II. Life in America Improves C. Education and Information Improvements 3. Black Americans: Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute and George Washington Carver taught there. These leaders believed that blacks could become equal through education.

Booker T. Washington George Washington Carver W.E.B. Dubois

II. Life in America Improves C. Education and Information Improvements 4. Americans read many more newspapers as literacy rate and leisure time increased.

Yellow Journalism: Newspapers began to use sensational stories and headlines to attract readers. William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer most well known.

II. Life in America Improves D. Leisure Time Americans found time for many pastimes.

1. Literature-Mark Twain, Jack London, Stephen Crane, and Horatio Alger.

II. Life in America Improves D. Leisure Time Americans found time for many pastimes.

2. Sports-baseball and boxing become great in late 1800's 3. Drama and Show-P.T. Barnum joined James Bailey in 1881 creating the "Greatest Show on Earth." Movies like The Great Train Robbery and Birth of a Nation were loved