Transcript Periodic Table

Periodic Table
Larry Scheffler
Lincoln High School
IB Chemistry 1-2
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Periodic Table
3.1 The periodic table
3.1.1
Describe the arrangement of elements in the periodic table in order of
increasing atomic number.
3.1.2
Distinguish between the terms group and period.
3.1.3
Apply the relationship between the electron arrangement of elements and
their position in the periodic table up to Z = 20.
3.1.4
Apply the relationship between the number of electrons in the highest
occupied energy level for an element and its position in the periodic table.
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The Periodic Table-Key Questions
• What is the periodic table ?
• What information does the table provide ?
• How can one use the periodic table to predict the
properties of the elements?
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Periodic Table
• The development of the periodic table brought a
system of order to what was otherwise an collection of
thousands of pieces of information.
• The periodic table is a milestone in the development of
modern chemistry. It not only brought order to the
elements but it also enabled scientists.
to predict the existence
of elements that had
not yet been discovered .
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Early Attempts to Classify Elements
• Dobreiner’s Triads (1827)
• Classified elements in sets of three having
similar properties.
• Found that the properties of the middle
element were approximately an average of the
other two elements in the triad.
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Dobreiner’s Triads
Element Atomic
Mass
Average Density
Average
(g cm-3)
(amu)
Cl
Br
I
35.5
79.9
126.9
Ca
Sr
Ba
40.1
87.6
137.3
81.2
1.56
3.12
4.95
3.25
88.7
1.55
2.6
3.5
2.53
Note: In each case, the numerical values for the atomic
mass and density of the middle element are close to the
averages of the other two elements
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Newland’s Octaves -1863
• John Newland attempted to classify
the then 62 known elements of his
day.
• He observed that when classified
according to atomic mass, similar
properties appeared to repeat for
about every eighth element
• His Attempt to correlate the
properties of elements with musical
scales subjected him to ridicule.
• In the end his work was acknowledged
and he was vindicated with the award
of the Davy Medal in 1887 for his
work.
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeleev is
credited with creating the
modern periodic table of
the elements.
He gets the credit because
he not only arranged the
atoms, but he also made
predictions based on his
arrangements His
predictions were later
shown to be quite
accurate.
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Mendeleev organized all of the elements into one
comprehensive table.
• Elements were arranged in order of increasing
mass.
• Elements with similar properties were placed in the
same row.
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
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Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Mendeleev left some blank spaces in his periodic table.
At the time the elements gallium and germanium were
not known. He predicted their discovery and estimated
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their properties.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Here is what he predicted and estimated properties of
Germanium along with the actual data.
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The Modern Periodic Table
The Periodic Table has undergone several modifications before it evolved in its
present form. The current form is usually attributed to Glenn Seaborg in 1945
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Periodic Table Expanded View
•The Periodic Table can be arranged by energy sub levels
•The s-block is Group IA and & IIA,
•the p-block is Group IIIA - VIIIA
•The d-block is the transition
metals,
•and the f-block are the
Lanthanides and Actinide metals
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Periodic Table Expanded View
The way the periodic table usually shown is a
compressed view.
The Lanthanides and actinides (F block) are cut out
and placed at the bottom of the table.
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Alkali Metals
The Periodic table
Alkaline Earths
Halogens
Transition Metals
Lanthanides and Actinides
Noble Gases
Periodic Table: Metallic Arrangement
• Layout of the Periodic Table: Metals vs. nonmetals
.
1
IA
1
2
IIA
13
IIIA
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
18
VIIIA
17
VIIA
2
3
3
IIIB
4
IVB
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
8
9
VIIIB
10
11
IB
12
IIB
Nonmetals
4
5
6
Metals
7
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The Three Broad Classes are the Representative,
Transition, & Rare Earth
• Main (Representative),
• Transition metals,
• lanthanides and actinides (rare earth)
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Additional Groupings in the Periodic Table
• Nonmetals, Metals, Metalloids, Noble gases
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Periodic Table:
The electron configurations are
inherent in the periodic table
1
IA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
1s1
18
VIIIA
2
IIA
Li Be
2s1 2s2
Na Mg
3s1 3s2
13
IIIA
B
2p1
3
IIIB
4
IVB
Sc
3d1
Rb
5s1
Ca
4s2
Sr
5s2
Y
4d1
V
Ti
Cr Mn Fe Co
3d2 3d3 4s13d5 3d5 3d6 3d7
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh
4d2 4d3 5s14d5 4d5 4d6 4d7
Cs
6s1
Ba
6s2
La
5d1
Hf Ta W Re Os
5d2 5d3 6s15d5 5d5 5d6
Fr
7s1
Ra
7s2
Ac Rf
6d1 6d2
K
4s1
5
VB
6
VIB
7
VIIB
Db Sg Bh
6d3 7s16d5 6d5
8
9
VIIIB
14
IVA
15
VA
16
VIA
•B
•2pC1 N
O
2
3
2p 2p 2p4
17
VIIA
He
1s2
F
2p5
Ne
2p6
Cl
3p5
Ar
3p6
10
11
IB
12
IIB
Ni
3d8
Cu
4s13d10
Ni
4d8
5s14d10
Zn Ga Ge
3d10 4p1 4p2
Cd
In Sn
10
4d
5p1 5p2
As Se Be
4p3 4p4 4p5
I
Sb Te
5p3 5p4 5p5
Kr
4p6
Xe
5p6
Hg
Tl Pb
5d10 6p1 6p2
Bi Po At
6p3 6p4 6p5
Rn
6p6
Ir
Ni
7
5d 5d8
Hs Mt
6d6 6d7
Ag
Au
6s15d10
Al Si
3p1 3p2
S
P
3
3p 3p4
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Periodic Table Organization------ Groups or
Families
Vertical columns in the periodic table are known as groups or
families The elements in a group have similar electron
configurations
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Periodic Table Organization
---- Periods
Horizontal Rows in the periodic table are known as Periods The Elements in a period
undergo a gradual change in properties as one proceeds from left to right
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