Chapter 1

Section 1

Major Categories of Science

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Life Science

– Deals with living things •

Earth Science

– Investigates Earth and space •

Physical Science

– Matter & Energy

Matter & Energy

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Chemistry

– The study of what substances are made of and how they change and combine •

Physics

– The study of forms of energy and the laws of motion

Scientific Method

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An organized set of investigation procedures

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Set of 6 steps

6 steps to Scientific Method 1. State the problem 2. Gather information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze data 6. Draw (state) conclusion

Info 2 Know

• • • • •

Hypothesis

Educated guess or explanation •

Experiment

Tests the effect of one thing on another using a controlled conditions.

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Variable

Quantity with more than a single value •

Bias

When opinions change how results are viewed

Experimenting

• • • •

Dependent Variables

– Change based on other variables

Independent Variables

– What you change to see how the dependent variable will be affected

Constant

– a factor (variable) that does not change within an experiment

Control

– The standard used to compare test results

Reviewing Scientific Method 1. State the problem 2. Gather information 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze data 6. Draw (state) conclusion

Science Explains Nature Why do scientific explanations change?

Modeling

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Representative of an idea, event, or object to help better understand it

– Historical • Lord Kelvin – light/space – High-tech • NASA – flight simulators

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Theory

– An explaination of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations •

Scientific Law

– A statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time

What limitations are there within science?

Using Science

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Technology

– Application of science – Doesn’t always follow science – Doesn’t always produce positive results • Nuclear • Genetic

Chapter 1

Section 2

Standards of Measurements

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Standard

–Exact quantity that people agree to use •

SI System

–International System of Units & Measurements • Improved version of the metric system • Base 10 number system • Universally accepted & understood by scientists throughout the world

SI Base Units Quantity Measured Length Mass Time Electric Current Temperature Amount of Substance Intensity of Light Unit Meter Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Mole Candela Symbol m kg s A K mol cd

Common Prefixes Prefix Giga Mega Kilo Hecto Deka Symbol Multiplying Factor G M k h dk 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10

More Common Prefixes Prefix Deci Centi Milli Micro Nano Symbol Multiplying Factor d c m μ n 0.1

0.01

0.001

0.000 001 0.000 000 001

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Volume

– amount of space occupied by an object – Length * Width * Height (V=l*w*h) •

Mass

– Measurement of the quantity of matter in an object •

Density

– Mass per unit of Volume of a material

Density

m D= V

Temperature

• • •

Fahrenheit

– Non-metric

Celsius

– Metric equivalent

Kelvin

– Metric Absolute Scale

F → C 5/9(F – 32)= C C → F C*9/5 + 32 = F C → K C + 273 = K K → C K – 273 = C

Chapter 1

Section 3

Visual Displays

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Line Graph

– Shows relationship between dependent variable and independent variable •

Bar Graph

– Comparing info collected by counting

Pie Graph

– Part to Whole

Classroom Temperature

10 8 6 4 2 0 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 0 5 10 15

Tim e (m in)

20 25 A B C

Bar Graphs

Classroom Size (Jan 20, 2001)

3 2 1 6 5 4 0 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Number of Students

Number of Classrooms

Pie Graph

Heating Fuel Usage

Steam 25% Gas 50% Other 5% Electric 10% Coal 10%