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英语阅读理解能力的养成
湖南师大附中
黄长泰
1、阅读理解的语言基础
1）篇章的联结手段
2）词汇衔接与逻辑关系语
2、阅读理解的技巧和方法
1）正确阅读习惯的养成
2）正确有效的阅读方法
3、阅读理解题的题型分析
1）文章的主旨和大意
2）主旨大意语事实和细节
3）根据上下文揣测词义
4）句子的意义与上下文之间的逻辑关系
5）判断推理和引申
6）领会作者的观点、意图和态度
1、阅读理解的语言基础
阅读理解题的测试目的：
应试者的综合语言能力：
① 运用语言知识（词汇和语法）
的能力；
② 认知能力；
③ 阅读技能.
1）篇章的联结手段
语篇的连贯性是通过合理的联结来
体现出来的。
主要的联结方式有：
语法手段、词汇衔接和逻辑关系语
1、时间关联成分：
表示事物发生的顺序：
先时性、同时性和后时性。
1）先时性关联成分：
① 形容词：earlier, former, previous
② 副词：already, before, ago, beforehand
first, previously,
③ 介词：before this/that, in advance,
by now, not long before, until now
until then, up to now / then
Examples:
① He finally handed a good essay. His
previous essays were all poor.
② If you want to have dinner in this
restaurant at this time of the day, you’d
better make a preservation beforehand.
1）同时性关联成分：
① 形容词：contemporary
② 副词：meantime, meanwhile, now,
presently, then, just then
③ 介词：at this point, in the meantime,
in the meanwhile, at the same
time
Examples:
① The death of the president was reported
on TV. A simultaneous announcement
was broadcast on the radio.
② I went to college 2 years ago. Meanwhile,
all my friends got well-paid jobs.
1）后时性关联成分：
① 形容词：following, later, next
② 副词：after, afterwards, immediately,
finally, later, since, then, soon
③ 介词：after a while, in a moment, after
that/this
Examples:
① The mother went to the supermarket to
buy some food at 4:30. Later, she picked
up her children at school.
② We visited the Great Wall on the first day.
in the following days, we visited many
other places of interest, including the
Forbidden City and the Summer Palace.
2、地点关联成分：
地点关联成份主要用来表示位置、地点
或方向的词语
above, around, before, beyond, beneath,
close to, further, here, in front of, on the
left, over, under, next to, opposite, on top
of, at the bottom / back of, at the foot of,
inside, outside等等。
On Friday morning, I was at the front
door talking to a caller. Suddenly we
heard a crash and two cars collided just
opposite. We hurried across to see if we
could help. One driver was scrambling
out, bleeding profusely, and my visitor,
helped him over to the pavement. Then
along came some people, running up the
street. I dashed backing and phoned for
help. When I went out again, the other
driver, trying to move his car down the
road a little and into the side.
3、照应：
照应是指用代词等语法手段来表示语义
关系。
One day the sun and the wind had a
quarrel. The sun said he was stronger
than the wind. And the wind said he was
stronger than the sun.
Mary didn’t go to class yesterday because
she was sick.
Listen to this! They have cancelled
Friday’s meeting.
Tom, Mother says we are going to the zoo
tomorrow.
You said Tim had an accident. That’s
really too bad!
2)人称照应：
人称照应是由人称代词、形容词性物主
代词、名词性物主代词体现出来的。
My wife and I are leaving for Shanghai
tomorrow. We have already booked the
tickets.
You and Jane can stay here for the night.
I’m sure you’ll enjoy yourselves.
Peter married a Chinese girl. He met her
in Shanghai. His parents weren’t pleased.
They visited her parents, but not his.
You really ought to ask Sally not to tell a
story like that to ass those friends of hers
if she thinks they might be going to be
working with John, unless she can be
quite sure it’s not going to go any further.
I hardly think it would appeal to his sense
of humour.
2)指示照应：
表示指示照应词：
指示代词： this, that, these, those
the
定冠词：
指示性副词：here, there, now, then
用that 或those来指代前面刚提到的事情：
His car broke down on the way.
That is why he was late this morning.
We have no more money for the repairs.
That’s our trouble.
用this来指下面要谈到的事情：
This is what I want to know: Has the
mail arrived yet?
this 和those 可以用来指代前面提到的事
物，以避免重复该名词。that可以用来
指代单数的可数名词和不可数名词；
those则用来指复数的代可数名词。
The water in this well is cleaner than that
in that. (that in that = the water in
that well)
The cover of my book is more beautiful
than that of yours.
（that of yours = the cover of your book）
I don’t like the clothes here but I prefer
those in the window.
（those=the clothes）
this和these指代近一些的事物；that和
those指代远一些的事物。
There seems to have been a great deal of
carelessness. This is what I can’t understand.
A: There seems to have been a great deal
of carelessness.
B: That’s what I can’t understand.
We went to the opera last night. That was
our first outing for months.
We are going to the opera tonight. This
will be our first outing for months.
Mary had a bad cold yesterday. That’s
why she didn’t go to the meeting.
These language options are open to our
students: Spanish, French and German.
He told a story like this: Long, long ago,
there lived in the forest an old hunter…
定冠词可用来表示前照应：
John bought a TV and a video player.
But he returned the video player the next
day.
John bought a bike. But when he rode it,
one of the wheels came off.
副词here可以表示前后照应；there只能
表示后照应：
Here is the news. The president is flying…
There seems to have been a great deal of
carelessness. Here is what I can’t understand.
Hong Kong is a famous city. I have been
there three times on business.
now和then通常用于前照应：
We have had our dinner; now let’s
have some coffee.
In my young days, we were more serious.
We had different ideas then.
3)比较照应：
比较照应是通过形容词和副词的比较等
级形式或其他一些表示比较的词语表现
出来的，也就是那些表示同异、相似、
差别、质于量的优劣的词语。
John took two hours to reach London.
Bill, on the other hand, was driving more
slowly.
Tom gets ten dollars a week for pocket
money. Bob receives the same amount.
How much pocket money does Bob get
each week?
Jim has 120 stamps but Tim has fifty
more.
How many stamps does Tim have?
3)分句照应：
分句照应是指：某些词语所指的对象不
是词或短语， 而是分句、句子或语篇。
① 既用于前照应，也用于后照应：
here, this, it
There seems to have been a great deal of
carelessness. Here is what I can’t understand.
Here is the news I heard from the radio:
Two Japanese air force pilots were missing
after their training jet crashed into the sea
off southern Japan yesterday.
Many students never improve. They get no
advice and therefore they keep repeating
the same mistake. It is a terrible shame.
It never should have happened. She went
out leaving the baby unattended.
② 只用于前照应：
that, (the) above, the foregoing
Many years ago their wives quarreled
over some trivial matter, now long forgotton. But one word led to another and the
permanent rupture between them. That’s
why the two men never visit each other’s
house.
③ 只用于后照应：
as follows, the following, below, thus
Below is an example of an informal letter:
Dear Frank,
…
All the best,
Jim
4、替代
替代是指用替代形式来代替上下文中
出现的词句：
①避免重复；②连接上下文。
Have you got any knives?
I need a sharp one.
A: Does Mary dance?
B: No, but Jane does.
替代的分类：
①名词性替代；
②动词性替代；
③分句性替代
①名词性替代：one, ones, the same
Mr. Cook was an excellent captain, one
who took good care of his sailors.
He goes about interviewing retired sailors
who served in the pre-1914 navy. The one
that he met in Devon last week was a
fascinating storyteller.
I wish I’d bought a few jars of honey. Did
you notice the ones they were selling by
the roadside?
A: I’ll have a cup of black coffee with
sugar, please.
B: Give me the same, please.
名词的可数与不可数：
替代的分类：
Jane needs a new bike. She’s decided
to buy one.
Here is the fruit. Would you like some?
①动词性替代：do, do so
A: Will you be attending the meeting this
evening?
B: I may do.
A: Does granny take care of you every day?
B: She can’t do at weekends. Because she
has to do her own house.
John smokes a lot. Does his father do so?
①分句性替代：so, not
John hasn’t found a job yet. He told me so.
A: Can you come back next week?
B: I’m afraid not.
A: Do you think John will win the match?
B: Yes, I think so.
A: The bridge has not been completed yet.
B: No, they say not.
1) 词汇衔接与逻辑关系语
（1）词汇衔接是为了使语篇语义连贯：
复现关系和同现关系。
复现关系：原词、同义词、近义词、
上义词、下义词、概括词等等。
① 原词复现：
The history of plastics is longer than you
might think. In fact that the first manmade plastics ever to appear on the market
was made 300 years ago.
② 同义词、近义词复现：
He got a lot of presents from his friends
and family. All of the gifts were wrapped
in colored paper.
Grades are the first concern of most
Chinese senior high school students. They
work hard to get high marks.
Everything faded in mist. The past was
erased, the erasure was forgotten, and the
lie became true.
③ 上义词和下义词复现：
animal是sheep, cow, wolf, tiger的上义词
dog, cat, horse, fox是animal的下义词。
Yesterday a pigeon carried the first
message from Pinhurst to Silbury. The bird
covered the distance in three minutes.
You will need to take tools with you. You
can get a saw, a screwdriver and a hammer
from most big department stores.
④ 概括词复现：
people, man, woman, place, do, make, etc.
Can you tell me where to stay in Geneva?
I’ve been to the place.
A: What shall I do with all this crockery?
B: Leave the stuff there; someone will put
it away.
同现关系：词汇共同出现的倾向性。
A great number of high school graduates,
continue their education in one of the many
colleges or universities in the country. After
4 years, they receive aa bachelor’s
bachelor’s degree.
Some
Some continue
continue studying
studying for
for a master’s
degree
degree and
and perhaps
perhaps a doctor’s degree.
When you go to the doctor, you like to
come away with a prescription. It makes
you feel better to know you will get some
medicine. But the doctor knows that
medicine is not always needed. Sometimes
all a sick person needs is some reassurance
that all will be well. In such cases, the
doctor may prescribe a placebo.
1) 逻辑关系语
逻辑关系语是指表示各种逻辑意义的
连句手段。
逻辑关系语的分类：
① 连词和副词：and, but, for, then, yet,
so, therefore, anyway, 等。
② 短语：in addition, as a result, on the
contrary, in other words, 等。
③ 分句：considering all that, to conlude,
that is to say, what is more,
what is more important
① 表示列举：
first…, second…; firstly…, secondly…;
for one thing…(and) for another, in the
fisrt place; first of all; to begin with; to
start with; for a start; next, finally; then;
in concluison; last of all; to conclude, etc.
②表示增补：
and; and also; also; too; and…too;
further more; in addition; besides;
moreover; what is more; etc.
I’m looking for a job. Furthermore, I’m
not going to look for a job.
The public can see the paintings next
week. What is more, they can buy them
for as little as ten dollars upwards.
③表示转折和对比：
still, but, yet, nevertheless, all the same,
though, instead, anyhow, on the contrary,
in fact, at the same time, on the other
hand, as a matter of fact, by contrast,
while, wheras
You were not boring me, on the contrary.
you are intersting me frightfully.
④ 表示解释：
that is, that is to say, in other words, for
instance, such as, namely, for example,
to put it another way
Here is a scholar who is devoted to his
research, to reprehensive extent. That is
to say, he neglects his family and does
not fulfil his responsibilities as a citizen.
⑤ 表示同等：
equally, likewise, namely, similarly, in the
same way, in other words, that is, I mean,
that is to say, etc.
You must pack plenty of food for the
journey. Likewise, you’ll need, warm
clothes, so pack them too.
He is being foolish. In other words, he is
behaving foolishly.
⑤ 表示原因：
for, since, because, as, due to, because of,
on account of, owing to, thanks to
⑥ 表示结果：
accordingly, consequently, hence, now,
so, therefore, thus, as consequence, in
consequence, for that reason, of course
He was too sick. Accordingly, we sent him
to hospital.
⑦ 表示推论：
else, otherwise, then, in other words,
in that case, etc.
A: Please give my regards to John.
B: Then, you are coming with me?
You say your father might object? In that
case I will not press the matter.
You must get some petrol, otherwise, we
will not have enough to get us to the next
town.
⑧ 表示总结：
altogether, overall, then, thus, (all) in all,
in conclusion, in sum, in short, in short,
in brief, on the whole, to conclude, to sum
up, to summarize, etc.
He lost his watch, his car broke down,
and he got a letter of complaint from a
customer: all in all, he had a bad day.
The film has a very unusual plot, with
plenty of action. Both the acting, and
photography are excellent. To sum up,
this is a film shoul not miss.
⑨ 表示替换：
again, or, rather, better (still), worse, on
the other hand, or at least, or rather, etc.
You can walk home. Or rather, I can give
you a lift in my car.
If things get any worse, we might have to
arrange a public meeting to discuss the
matter. Better still, we could even organize
a demonstration.
⑩ 表示转题：
now, by the way, to change the subject
We have settled that at last. Now, what’s
the other thing we wanted to discuss?
I must go now. By the way if you want
that book I’ll bring it next time.
Practice:
As water flows along, it picks up sands,
pebbles, even boulders. By this process,
huge amounts of mud and rock, are moved
from the land to the sea. Each year the
Mississippi River carries 730 million tons
of solid matter in the Gulf of Mexico.
A placebo is a sugar pill, a harmless shot,
or an empty capsule. Even though they
have medicine in them, these things seem
to make people well. The patient thinks it
is medicine and begin to get better. How
does this happen?