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Institute for Critical Thinking To While Good! produce inOnce slideayou show printed have script clickedfor onthis theslide screen, presentation, you can advance first be sure or view, your repeat computer click a view the right by is connected using the up to or a printer: down arrows Use your on your mouse keyboard. to click mouse button, then File>Print>Find “Print what” and click the down triangle. Then select Speaker Notes.from the list; then click “OK.” “Notes Pages” Use the now up arrow on Youview are a pro at using ict slide In theselect futureView you may To script while slide show isshows. in process, your tothe Slide beginkeyboard all slideorshows fromShow slide icon #2, by when the >Slide Show at pressing the lower“PgDn” left of the current scroll to the topslide ofupshow show While first comes in PowerPoint. here you are into the view. in view, click From the right mouse button the text. Notes... presentation with two more clicks on the screen. >Speaker Feel free to make copies of this software and pass copies on to friends and colleagues. . Ict assumes no responsibility for alterations made to originals. Original versions are available on line at www.AcademicFreedomBlog.org. 1 Origin of Species: A critical analysis of Darwin’s basic theory. 2 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges. Environmental barriers 3 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly. 2. Competition determines which variation survive to reproduce and which does not. 3. A reproducing variation is the basis of the next round of variations, until a new, more advanced species emerges. Environmental barriers 4 “Variation” can be of two types: Mutation occurs when something new is produced— different gene from what was there before. It requires a permanent change in the DNA pool. Adaptation occurs when something already present simply changes proportion—same genes that were there before. It requires only an increase or decrease within an existing pool of DNA.. 5 Mutations are accidents. The more complex a DNA message is, the less likely it is that an accident will be an improvement. The cattle roundup is under way at the Okay Corral. hat cattle a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y6 z Mutations Among Humans Achromatopsi Acoustic neuroma Adenosice deaminase deficiency Adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency Aicardi syndrome Thousands of distinct diseases have been ascribed to mutations that result in deficiencies of critical enzymes. Albinism Albright’s syndrome Alkaptonuria Alpers syndrome Antitrypins deficiency Alpha-mannosidosis Alport syndrome Alzheimer’s disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis All known mutations, in humans and otherwise, are the result of something that once worked either no longer working (such as blindness) or working in the wrong place (such as extra fingers or toes). Androgen insensitivity syndrome Angelman syndrome Anencephely Hereditary angioedema (HAE) Hereditary ataxias No mutations of new information, useful or otherwise, have ever been verified in any organism. 7 “Species” is not clearly defined. Coyote (Canis latrans) Dog (Canis familiaris) Gray wolf (Canis lupus) Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) 8 “Selection” is not exactly what happens. Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored. 9 “Selection” is not exactly what happens. Best are not favored; poorest are disfavored. Natural selection? Improves the species? Natural elimination. Preserves the species. Natural elimination: Harmful traits are eliminated, while viable traits survive. 10 Artificial selection: Only a few selected traits are allowed to survive. Weimaraner 11 Eyes Green Brown Blue Yellow Yellow Hair Weimaraner Blond Black Gray Brown Red Gray Selective breeding creates nothing. It merely eliminates options until variation can no longer occur. 12 South America 13 South America 14 , S m a l l B e a k SS LS LL SS SS SS SS SS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL 15 SS LS LL SS SS SS SS SS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL 16 SS LS LL SS SS SS SS SS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL 17 LL SS LS LL SS SS SS SS SS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LS LS LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL LL SS SS LS LS LS LS LL LL LL LL LL 18 LL The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly.--Both mutation & adaptation 2. Competition determines which variation survives to to adaptations survive reproduce and which does not. reproducingis variation is the basis of a new 3. A Competition how mutations are purged. species. 19 The Origin of Species by of Natural Selection The Preservation of Means Kinds by and thePreservation PreservationofofFavored Healthy Races Stock in the Struggle or the for Life 1. Variation occurs randomly.--Both mutation & adaptation 2. Competition determines which variation survives to to adaptations survive reproduce and which does not. reproducingis variation is the basis of a new 3. A Competition how mutations are purged. species. 20 Summary • Change from one “species” to another is a misleading basis for evaluating evolution, because it may not identify permanent change. • “Natural selection” does not necessarily remove neutral traits; it may simply reduce their frequency during times that they are less useful. • Mutation is harmful; natural selection helps keep it in check • Adaptation is a way of preserving an organism’s kind, not a means of changing it to something else. 21 22 B100 Origin of Species Additional comments and discussion The contents of this slide are not meant to be viewed as a slide. Block and copy the content into a word document. Edit, save and print from there. Slide 7 ”Thousands of diseases” by mutation can be verified by visiting http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/Stats/mimstats.html The Mandelian Inheritance in Man database is the authoritative source for genetic disease mutations in humans. The identified mutations to date are “Established Gene Locus;” Positively identified diseases from these mutations are called “Phenotype Descriptions;” and conditions being investigated as possible genetic diseases are listed as “Other Entries.” 23