Transcript No Slide Title
The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution
1. Population growth
• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861 • 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities
2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s
• Why? Potato famine and European problem • Irish • German 48er’s • Hated by “Nativists”
3. Transformation of American Industry
• Industrial Revolution – why? • American System • Sectionalism • Industrial pioneers
Westward Movement
Americans marched quickly toward west very hard w/ disease & loneliness Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed Westward movement molded environment tobacco exhausted land “Kentucky blue grass” thrived
Population Growth from 1620 to 1860
City growth
Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850
The March of the Millions
High birthrate accounted for population growth Population doubling every 25 years Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared
Irish Immigration
Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849 Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor “No Irish need apply!” Ancient Order of Hibernians Benevolent society to help Irish Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union) Gradually improved and became active politically NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine
German Immigration
Most Germans came due to crop failures Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848 German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer
Sources of Immigration, 1820-40
Sources of Immigration, 1840-60
Settlements of Immigrants
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Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston
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Germans would settle in Midwest
Early Nativism
American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850 1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party Wanted immigration restrictions Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834) Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)
A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production
Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories
Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S.
Beginning of US Factory System
US slow to embrace factory system
Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories
american system
Promote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US.
• Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers.
• 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation • 1860, the railroad is added
Henry Clay, Congressmen from Kentucky
Provide economic growth
• Americans buying American goods • American self-sufficiency.
• Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow) • 2 nd Bank of the United States
3 Sections working together to build the country
NORTHEAST Economy Leader __________ Role of Government
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Business and Manufacturing
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Daniel Webster ____________
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Wanted Tariffs
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Backed internal improvements
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Wanted end to cheap public land
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Increasingly nationalistic
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Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.
Economy Leader __________ Role of Government SOUTH
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Cotton growing
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John C. Calhoun _____________
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Opposed tariffs and government spending on American System
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Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
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Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
Economy Leader __________ Role of Government WEST
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Frontier agriculture
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Henry Clay _____________
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Supported internal improvements
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Wanted cheap land
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Loyal to the U.S. Govt.
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Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue
Population shift because of westward expansion
the West demanded transportation.
The Land Act of 1820, gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash
Erie Canal started in 1817 and completed in 1825
NY Governor DeWitt Clinton built the Erie Canal Connected New York City from Hudson River with the Great Lakes and the West Clinton’s Big Ditch --------Other canals follow
Navigable rivers and the steamboat
the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.
Erie Canal System
Principal Canals in 1840
Highways
Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable
The National Road completed by 1832 begun in 1811 and
Connected Maryland to Illinois.
Built by US government
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s
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Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry.
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Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.
The Railroad Revolution,1850s
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California.
Completed by 1869.
Pioneer Railroad Promoters
1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.
1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy Competition between Railroads and Canals Obstacles
opposition from canal backers danger of fire poor brakes difference in track gauge meant changing trains
Map rr
Effects of the Transportation Revolution
1860-61, Pony Express connected East West Telegraph instantly sent messages across US Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy People moved faster and country expanded
Unifying spirit among fellow country men A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west
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Telegraph revolutionized communication
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Would replace the Pony Express by 1861
Trails
Samuel Slater was the
"Father of the American Factory System."
•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. •Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. •Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day
Early Textile Loom
The Lowell Mills
Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories
Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody
Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing
The Lowell Mills
Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories
Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody
Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing
The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832
Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday
Women & the Economy
1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home
Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage
“Cult of domesticity”
Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
Empowers married women
Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size
Workers & Wage Slaves
With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed
Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.
Labor unions illegal
1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10
Workers & Wage Slaves
1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers
Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions
1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day
1837 depression hurt union membership
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful
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1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North…
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Southern cotton shipped to Northern textile mills was a good working relationship.
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800
41 patents were approved.
1860
4,357 “ “ “
The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.
•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry. •He is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. •Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.
Cotton Production
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Cotton gin invented in 1793
50 times more effective than hand picking
Raising cotton more profitable
South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
New England factories flourish with Southern cotton
1807, Fulton's
Clermont
water travel.
, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.
John Deere & the Steel Plow
Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper
Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph
“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)