Transcript Online Counseling Resource YCMOU ELearning Drive…

Online Counseling Resource
YCMOU ELearning Drive…
School of Architecture, Science and Technology
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra
Open University, Nashik – 422222, India
OC-SBT/ SBI/ SGS034-CP1-01
Introduction
Programmes and Courses
 SEP – SBT034 – Unit 01
 SEP – SBI034 – Unit 01
 SEP – SGS034 – Unit 01
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
Credits
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Academic Inputs by
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Arun Punaji More.
M.Sc. (Microbiology)
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Experience: 11 Years
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[email protected]
School of Science and Technology, Online Counseling Resource…
How to Use This Resource
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Counselor at each study center should use this presentation to deliver
lecture of 40-60 minutes during Face-To-Face counseling.
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Discussion about students difficulties or tutorial with assignments should
follow the lecture for about 40-60 minutes.
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Handouts (with 6 slides on each A4 size page) of this presentation should
be provided to each student.
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Each student should discuss on the discussion forum all the terms which
could not be understood. This will improve his writing skills and enhance
knowledge level about topics, which shall be immensely useful for end
exam.
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Appear several times, for all the Self-Tests, available for this course.
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Student can use handouts for last minutes preparation just before end
exam.
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Learning Objectives
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After studying this module, you should be able to:
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Explain building blocks and their basic
properties.
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Describe various building blocks of cell
components such as
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Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins and
DNA.
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Introduction - 1
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Simple and Basic carbon compounds that
are used for the synthesis of all cell
components are called as building blocks.
We know that cells are units of tissues and
a cell is made of different basic cell
components such as cell membranes, cell
enzymes, RNA and DNA molecules.
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Introduction - 2
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All these these basic cell components are
made of with or from simple and basic
carbon compounds such as
monosaccharides, amino acids,
deoxyribonucleotides, fatty acids and
glycerol.
You will learn in this presentation the
basic properties of these building blocks
and how they are utilize to synthesize the
basic cell components mentioned above.
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Building Blocks of Cell
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Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Deoxyribonucleotides or
deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate.
Phosphate.
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Monosaccharides-1
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Chemically monosaccharides are
polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy
ketones.
The important monosaccharides are
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D-Glucose.
D-Fructose.
D-Mannose.
D-Ribose.
D-Galactose.
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Monosaccharides-II
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Monosaccharides are smallest units of
carbohydrates.
The monosaccharides are represented by
the following formula:
 (CH2O)n Where “n” is 3 or greater but
not more than 9.
Monosaccharides join together by forming
glycosidic bonds producing chain of
monosaccharides which is called as
oligosaccharide or polysaccharide
depending upon the residues of
monosaccharide.
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Monosaccharides-III
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Chain of 2 to 20 monosaccharides are
called as oligosaccharides. e.g. Maltose,
sucrose.
Whereas the chain of more than 20
monosaccharide residues is called as
polysaccharide. e.g. Starch, glycogen,
cellulose.
These carbohydrate chains are made of
with identical monosaccharides of different
monosaccharide.
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Monosaccharides-IV
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Carbohydrate chain made of with identical
monosaccharides is called as homoglycan.
Carbohydrate chain made of with identical
monosaccharides is called as heteroglycan.
Many times the carbohydrate chains are
linked to proteins or lipids forming the
macromolecules called as Glycoconjugates.
Peptidoglycans, glucoproteins,
proteoglycans,glycolipids are
glycoconjugates.
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Monosaccharides-V
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The monosaccharides can be represented
by different formulae as:
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Molecular formula
Fischer projection.
Haworth projection.
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Monosaccharides-VI
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Molecular formula of Glucose is
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C6H12O6
The Fischer projection formula of Glucose
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The number 1 to 6 denote the position
of carbon atoms. Carbon atom number
2 is asymmetric carbon atom
responsible for optical isomers of
Glucose molecule.
Fischer formula is represent configuration of
Glucose molecule. However it does not show
conformational positions of member elements
atoms.
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Monosaccharide-VII
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Haworth perspective formula:-
Chair form of Glucose
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Amino Acids-I
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As amino acids are building blocks of
proteins, and proteins act further as
building blocks of some cell components.
For example protein collagen used as
building blocks for tendons,ligaments,
bone and skin.
Keratin is building blocks of nails, hairs
and skin layer. Proteins myogen, actin and
myosin are building blocks of muscle
tissues.
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Amino Acids-II
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Amino acids are nitrogenous compounds
with carboxyl group (acidic group) and
amino group.
They are building blocks of proteins which
make number of cell constituents and thus
are basic building blocks of cell
components.
There are about 20 amino acids.
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Amino Acids-III
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Formula of D amino acid:COOH
H
C
NH2
R
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Properties of Amino Acids-I
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Asymmetric carbon atom or alpha carbon
atom is covalently attached to amino
group (Basic group), carboxyl group
(Acidic group) and hydrogen atom.
The carboxyl group is negatively charged
and amino group is positively charged at
pH 7.
The amino acids found in proteins are of L
configuration except glycine.
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide
chain of protein is called primary structure
of protein.
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Properties of Amino Acids-II
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Amino acids are colorless crystalline
substances in pure form.
They have high melting point at and
above 200°C.
They are soluble in water and ethanol.
They are insoluble in benzene and ether.
Some amino acids such as tryptophan,
tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine
absorb ultra violet light which make their
identification easy.
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Properties of Amino Acids-III
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Since the amino acids possess acidic
and basic group, they can easily
dissociate in aqueous solution
producing carboxylate and
ammonium ions.
The presence of two ionic group give
two Pka values .
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Essential Amino Acids
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The amino acids which are not synthesize
in body are called as essential amino
acids.
Following are the essential amino acids:
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Valine.
Phenylalanine.
Tryptophan.
Isoleucine.
Threonine.
Histidine
Methionine
Leucine.
Lysine.
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Fatty Acids and Glycerol-I
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Fatty acids are monocarboxylic acids.
Glycerol is three carbon alcohol.
They are number of types of fatty acids
such as:
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Glycerophospholipids
Sphingomyelins
The above mentioned fatty acids are
called as phospholipids.
The glycerophosphates make the cells
membranes in mammals.
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Fatty Acids and Glycerol-II
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After the glycerophosphates, sphingolipids
are the most abundant in cell membranes.
The other major constituent of cell
membrane is cholesterols.
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Fatty Acids and Glycerol-III
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The fatty acids containing atleast on
carbon -carbon double bond is called as
unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids are waxy at room
temperature (22°C) whereas the
unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at the
room temperature.
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Building Blocks of DNA
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DNA is essentially most important
macromolecules the harbor the all
informations for the synthesis of each and
every cell constituents.
Nucleotides are the
building blocks of DNA.
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Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate
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Deoxyribonucleoside tripolyphosphate
(dNTPs) are building block of DNA.
There are four types dNTPs as follow:
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Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP).
Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP).
Deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP).
Deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP).
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What We Learn…..
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In this presentation, you have learnt
Building blocks of
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cell components
carbohydrates
lipids
Proteins and
DNA.
Important monosaccharides are:
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D-Glucose.
D-Fructose.
D-Mannose.
D-Ribose.
D-Galactose.
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Critical Thinking Question
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Which is the most abundant saccharides
on earth?
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Tips for Critical Thinking Question
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All species of plants and animals
synthesize glucose.
Polymer of glucose.
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Study Tips
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Book
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Title: Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Author: Dr. J. L Jain
Publication: W S. Chand and Co. , New Delhi.
Book
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Title: Principles of Biochemistry
Author: Dr. H Robert Horton
Publication: W S. Chand and Co. , New Delhi.
End of the Presentation
Thank You !