Transcript Intro to Information Systems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin
11-1
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter
11
Security and Ethical Challenges
Ethical issues in the use of Information Technology
Security Management
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
1.
2.
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Identify several ethical issues in how the use of
information technologies in business affects
employment, individuality, working conditions,
privacy, crime, health, and solutions to societal
problems.
Identify several types of security management
strategies and defenses, and explain how they can
be used to ensure the security of business
applications of information technology.
Learning Objectives
3.
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Propose several ways that business managers and
professionals can help to lessen the harmful effects
and increase the beneficial effects of the use of
information technology.
Case 1: Machine Wars
Fighting Evil in Cyberspace
 Machine
Wars
 Computers
compromised and subverted by hackers
churn out spam and malicious code in relentless raids
 Spyware
 Phishing
 Trojan horses
 Fighting
back
 Blocking
spam
 Turning the network into a security device
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Case Study Questions
1.
2.
3.
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Why is automation becoming such an important
tool in cybercrime?
What is being done to combat the wide variety of
cybercrimes listed in the case?
Have you ever been a victim of a cybercrime? Do
you know how it happened? What did you do to
fix the problem and ensure it not happening again?
Real World Internet Activity
1.
The advent of various cybercrimes has spawned
new companies and products focusing on its
prevention. Using the Internet,

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See if you can find examples of companies that
specialize in preventing or combating cybercrimes.
Real World Group Activity
 Cyberspace is
a world without laws and can serve to
both help or hurt those who use it. In small groups,
 Discuss
ways in which the Internet can be better
protected.
 What security measures should companies, business
professionals, and consumers take to protect their
systems from being damaged or infected by cyber
criminals?
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IT Security, Ethics and Society
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Ethical Responsibility
 Business
 have a
professionals
responsibility to promote ethical uses of
information technology in the workplace.
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Business Ethics
 Questions
that managers must confront as part of
their daily business decision making including:
 Equity
 Rights
 Honesty
 Exercise
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of Corporate Power
Ethical Business Issues
Categories
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Corporate Social Responsibility
Theories
 Stockholder
Theory
 Managers
are agents of the stockholders
 Their only ethical responsibility is to increase the
profits of the business
 Without violating the law or engaging in fraudulent
practices
 Social
Contract Theory
 Companies
have ethical responsibilities to all members
of society
 Which allow corporations to exist based on a social
contract
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Corporate Social Responsibility
Theories
 Stakeholder
 Managers
Theory
have an ethical responsibility to manage a
firm for the benefit of all its stakeholders
 Stakeholders are all individuals and groups that have a
stake in, or claim on, a company
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Principles of Technology Ethics
 Proportionality
– the good achieved by the
technology must outweigh the harm or risk
 Informed Consent – those affected by the technology
should understand and accept the risks
 Justice – the benefits and burdens of the technology
should be distributed fairly
 Minimized Risk – even if judged acceptable by the
other three guidelines, the technology must be
implemented so as to avoid all unnecessary risk
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AITP Standards of Professional
Conduct
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Responsible Professional Guidelines
 Acting
with integrity
 Increasing your professional competence
 Setting high standards of personal performance
 Accepting responsibility for your work
 Advancing the health, privacy, and general welfare
of the public
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Computer Crime
 The
unauthorized use, access, modification, and
destruction of hardware, software, data, or network
resources
 The unauthorized release of information
 The unauthorized copying of software
 Denying an end user access to his or her own
hardware, software, data, or network resources
 Using or conspiring to use computer or network
resources illegally to obtain information or tangible
property
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How large companies protect
themselves from cybercrime
Source: 2003 Global Security Survey by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, New York, June 2003,
In Mitch Betts, “The Almanac,” Computerworld, July 14, 2003, p 42.
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Hacking
 The
obsessive use of computers,
 Or the unauthorized access and use of networked
computer systems
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Common Hacking Tactics
 Denial
of Service
 Hammering
a website’s equipment with too many
requests for information
 Clogging the system, slowing performance or even
crashing the site
 Scans
 Widespread
probes of the Internet to determine types
of computers, services, and connections
 Looking for weaknesses
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Common Hacking Tactics
 Sniffer
 Programs
that search individual packets of data as they
pass through the Internet
 Capturing passwords or entire contents
 Spoofing
 Faking
an e-mail address or Web page to trick users
into passing along critical information like passwords
or credit card numbers
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Common Hacking Tactics
 Trojan
Horse
A
program that, unknown to the user, contains
instructions that exploit a known vulnerability in some
software
 Back
Doors
A
hidden point of entry to be used in case the original
entry point has been detected or blocked
 Malicious
 Tiny
Applets
Java programs that misuse your computer’s
resources, modify files on the hard disk, send fake email, or steal passwords
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Common Hacking Tactics
 War
Dialing
 Programs
that automatically dial thousands of
telephone numbers in search of a way in through a
modem connection
 Logic
Bombs
 An
instruction in a computer program that triggers a
malicious act
 Buffer
A
Overflow
technique for crashing or gaining control of a
computer by sending too much data to the buffer in a
computer’s memory
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Common Hacking Tactics
 Password
Crackers
 Software
 Social
that can guess passwords
Engineering
 Gaining
access to computer systems
 By talking unsuspecting company employees out of
valuable information such as passwords
 Dumpster
 Sifting
Diving
through a company’s garbage to find
information to help break into their computers
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Cyber Theft
 Computer
crime involving the theft of money
 Often inside jobs
 Or use Internet to break in
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Unauthorized Use at Work
 Time
and resource theft
 May range from doing private consulting or personal
finances, or playing video games, to unauthorized
use of the Internet on company networks
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Internet Abuses in the
Workplace











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General e-mail abuses
Unauthorized usage and access
Copyright infringement/plagiarism
Newsgroup postings
Transmission of confidential data
Pornography – accessing sexually explicit sites
Hacking
Non-work related download or upload
Leisure use of the Internet
Usage of external ISPs
Moonlighting
Software Piracy
 Software
Piracy
 Unauthorized
copying of computer programs
 Licensing
 Purchase
of software is really a payment for a license
for fair use
 Site license allow a certain number of copies
A
third of the software industry’s revenues are lost
due to piracy
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Theft of Intellectual Property
 Intellectual
property
 Copyrighted
material such as
 Music, videos, images, articles, books, software
 Copyright
infringement is illegal
 Peer-to-peer
networking techniques have made it
easy to trade pirated intellectual property
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Viruses and Worms
 Virus
and worms copy annoying or destructive
routines into networked computers
 Often spread via e-mail or file attachments
 Computer Virus
 Program
code that cannot work without being inserted
into another program
 Worm
 Distinct
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program that can run unaided
Cost of viruses and worms
 Nearly
115 million computers were infected in 2004
 As many as 11 million computers are believed to be
permanently infected
 Total economic damage estimated to be between $166
and $292 billion in 2004
 Average damage per installed Windows-based
machine is between $277 and $366
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Adware and Spyware
 Adware
 Software
that purports to serve a useful purpose
 But also allows Internet advertisers to display
advertisements (pop-up and banner ads)
 Without the consent of the computer’s user
 Spyware
 Adware
that employs the user’s Internet connection in
the background without your permission or knowledge
 Captures information about you and sends it over the
Internet
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Privacy: Opt-in versus Opt-out
 Opt-in
 You
explicitly consent to allow data to be compiled
about them
 Law in Europe
 Opt-out
 Data
can be compiled about you unless you specifically
request it not be
 Default in the US
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Privacy Issues
 Violation
of Privacy:
 Accessing
individuals’ private e-mail conversations
and computer records,
 Collecting and sharing information about individuals
gained from their visits to Internet websites
 Computer
 Always
Monitoring:
knowing where a person is, especially as
mobile and paging services become more closely
associated with people rather than places
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Privacy Issues
 Computer
Matching
 Using
customer information gained from many sources
to market additional business services
 Unauthorized
 Collecting
Personal Files
telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, credit
card numbers, and other personal information to build
individual customer profiles
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Protecting your Privacy on the
Internet
 E-mail
can be encrypted
 Newsgroup postings can be sent through anonymous
remailers
 ISP can be asked not to sell your name and personal
information to mailing list providers and other
marketers
 Decline to reveal personal data and interests on
online service and website user profiles
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Privacy Laws
 Rules
that regulate the collection and use of personal
data by businesses and the government
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Censorship Issues
 Spamming
 Indiscriminate
sending of unsolicited e-mail messages
to many Internet users
 Flaming
 Sending
extremely critical, derogatory, and often
vulgar e-mail messages or newsgroup postings to other
users on the Internet or online services
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Cyberlaw
 Laws
intended to regulate activities over the Internet
or via electronic data communications
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Other Challenges
 Employment
 IT
creates new jobs and increases productivity
 But can also cause significant reductions in job
opportunities as well as different types of skills
required for new jobs
 Computer
Monitoring
 Computers
used to monitor the productivity and
behavior of employees as they work
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Other Challenges
 Working
Conditions
 IT
has eliminated monotonous or obnoxious tasks
 But some jobs requiring a skilled craftsman have been
replaced by jobs requiring routine, repetitive tasks or
standby roles
 Individuality
 Dehumanize and
depersonalize activities because
computers eliminate human relationships
 Systems without flexibility
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Health Issues
 Cumulative
Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
 Disorders
suffered by people who sit at a PC or
terminal and do fast-paced repetitive keystroke jobs
 Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome
 Painful
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crippling ailment of the hand and wrist
Ergonomics
 Designing
healthy work environments
 That are safe, comfortable, and pleasant for people to
work in
 Thus increasing employee morale and productivity
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Ergonomic Factors
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Case 2: Strategic Security
 OCTAVE
Process Methodology to security
 Risk
evaluation
 Risk management
 Organizational and cultural
A
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principle of “reduction of risk on investment”
Case Study Questions
1.
2.
3.
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What are security managers doing to improve
information security?
How does the OCTAVE methodology work to
improve security in organizations?
What does Lloyd Hession mean when he says
information security is “not addressed simply by
the firewalls and antivirus [tools] that are already
in place”?
Real World Internet Activity
1.
The focus on information security is an important
one for modern organizations of all sizes. Using
the Internet,
See if you can find examples of companies that are
focused on improving information security.
 What approaches are they using to improve the
situation?

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Real World Group Activity
 Private
and corporate information is under attack
from a wide variety of sources. In small groups,
 Discuss
the various threats to information security.
 Are you doing your share to protect your information?
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Security Management

The goal of security
management is the accuracy,
integrity, and safety of all
information system processes
and resources.
Source: Courtesy of Wang Global.
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Internetworked Security
Defenses
 Encryption
 Data
transmitted in scrambled form and unscrambled
by computer systems for authorized users only
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Public/Private Key Encryption
11-52
Internetworked Security
Defenses
 Firewalls
A
gatekeeper system that protects a company’s
intranets and other computer networks from intrusion
 By providing a filter and safe transfer point for access
to and from the Internet and other networks
 Firewalls
are also important for individuals who
connect to the Internet with DSL or cable modems
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Internet and Intranet Firewalls
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How to Defend Against Denial of
Service Attacks
 At
the zombie machines (computers commandeered
by cyber criminals)
 Set
and enforce security policies
 Scan for vulnerabilities
 At
the ISP
 Monitor
 At
the victim’s website
 Create
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and block traffic spikes
backup servers and network connections
Internetworked Security
Defenses
 E-mail
Monitoring
 Use
of content monitoring software that scans for
troublesome words that might compromise corporate
security
 Virus
Defenses
 Centralize
the distribution and updating of antivirus
software
 Use security suite that integrates virus protection with
firewalls, Web security, and content blocking features
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Other Security Measures
 Security
Codes
 Multilevel
password system
 Encrypted passwords
 Smart cards with microprocessors
 Backup
Files
 Duplicate
 System
files of data or programs
Security Monitors
 Programs
that monitor the use of computer systems
and networks and protects them from unauthorized
use, fraud, and destruction
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Biometrics
 Computer
devices that measure physical traits that
make each individual unique
 Examples:
 Voice
verification
 Fingerprints
 Retina scan
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Computer Failure Controls
 Prevent
computer failure or minimize its effects
 Preventative maintenance
 Arrange backups with a disaster recovery
organization
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Fault Tolerant Systems
 Systems
that have redundant processors, peripherals,
and software that provide a:
 Fail-over
capability to back up components in the event
of system failure
 Fail-safe capability where the computer system
continues to operate at the same level even if there is a
major hardware or software failure
 Fail-soft capability where the computer system
continues to operate at a reduced but acceptable level
in the event of system failure
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Disaster Recovery Plan
 Formalized
procedures to follow in the event a
disaster occurs including:
 Which
employees will participate
 What their duties will be
 What hardware, software, and facilities will be used
 Priority of applications that will be processed
 Use of alternative facilities
 Offsite storage of an organization’s databases
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Information Systems Controls
 Methods
and devices that attempt to ensure the
accuracy, validity, and propriety of information
system activities
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Auditing IT Security
 IT
security audits
 By
internal or external auditors
 Review and evaluate whether proper and adequate
security measures and management policies have been
developed and implemented
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How to protect yourself from
cybercrime
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Case 3: A Day in the Life of the Patch
Patrol
 After
Microsoft announces security alerts and fixes
 Race starts between hackers and virus writers and
the security administrators rushing to patch their
systems before an attack
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Case Study Questions
What types of security problems are typically
addressed by a patch management strategy? Why
do such problems arise in the first place?
2. What challenges does the process of applying
software patches and updates pose for many
businesses? What are the limitations of the
patching process?
3. Does the business value of a comprehensive patch
management strategy outweigh its costs,
limitations, and the demands it places on the IT
function? Why or why not?
1.
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Real World Internet Activity
1.
Anyone or any organization that uses Microsoft
products is familiar with the myriad of patches
necessary to keep up with managing potential
security risks. Using the Internet,

11-67
See if you can find other examples of companies like
Shavlik that specialize in helping manage the
software patch process.
Real World Group Activity
 Many
people argue that software patches are simply
a way that software vendors can get away with
releasing products that are not fully tested. In small
groups,
 Discuss
this issue.
 Is it reasonable to expect a complex operating system to
be completely secure and tested before being released?
 How would such a thorough approach to testing affect
the availability and price of complex software?
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