Transcript THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION -1763-1778
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION -1763-1778
Chapter 7
THE DEEP ROOTS OF REVOLUTION
Sam Adams was a radical Whig Two ideas in particular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid 18th century: Republicanism- a just society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage.
“Radical Whigs”, a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the king’s ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for possible corruption
THE MERCANTILE THEORY
Policy of all major European nations from 16th to l8th centuries.
Mercantilism – Belief that wealth was power and
that a country’s economic wealth (both military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury.
Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances
To get gold, must export more than import Colonies provide export markets Colonies provide source for raw material Colonies can’t trade with others Colonies can’t produce their own finished goods Encourage colonies to produce what mother country must import Woolens Act of 1699, the Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron Act of 1750 were attempts to prevent manufacturing in the British colonies that might threaten the industrial economy of England.
Mercantilism Trammels On Trade
Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.
The Navigation Law of 1650 stated that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers.
The Navigation Act 1 stipulated that goods imported or exported by English colonies in Africa, Asia, or America be shipped on vessels constructed by English shipbuilders and sailed by crews that were 75 percent English.
Merits of Mercantilism
Salutary Neglect.
Robert Walpole. First Prime Minister • "If no restrictions were placed on the colonies, they would flourish." Smuggling.
Americans did reap many direct
benefits from Mercantilism.
What were they?
Benefits of Mercantilism
Price supports and subsidies helped them compete against the Europeans.
Tobacco monopoly.
Ship building They had rights of Englishmen and opportunities for self-government.
Protection of the strong British army and Navy Prosperity trickled down
The Menace Of Mercantilism
Downside to Mercantilism It hurt economic initiative Southern planters were treated more favorably. Cash Crop farmers forced into debt Mercantilism was humiliating to Americans
The Stamp Tax Uproar
Due to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt.
In 1763, Prime Minister George Grenville ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws.
He also secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for England.
Also taxed Madeira wine
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The Stamp Tax Uproar
The Quartering Act of 1765 required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.
In 1765, George Grenville imposed a stamp tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as the Stamp Act, mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.
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Parliament Forced To Repeal The Stamp Act
Tarring and Feathering a Tax Stamp Agent
The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies.
Nonimportation agreements
(agreements made to not import British goods) were a stride toward unionism.
The Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements.
Declaratory Act The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in 1766.
Parliament passed the
Declaratory Act, reaffirming its
right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever
The Townshend Tea Tax And The Boston Massacre
Charles “Champagne Charlie” Townsend emerges as PM In 1767 he persuades Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts The Townshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea.
British officials, faced with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in 1768. 1768 British officials landed 2 regiments of troops (700) in Boston
Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, killing/wounding 11 of them. The massacre was known as the Boston Massacre.
The Seditious Committees Of Correspondence
Townsend Acts were a failure In 1770 Townshend Acts repealed. But the tax on tea remained Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of rebellion; formed the first local committee of correspondence in Massachusetts in 1772 (Sons of Liberty).
Virginia created the first intercolonial committee of correspondence, called the House of Burgesses, in 1773.
Sam Adams
Boston Tea Party
In 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America.
None of the tea cargo of the Company reached its destination. Annapolis — colonists burned cargo and the ships.
Charleston—Governor stores tea in a warehouse. Is eventually sold during the war to pay for uniforms.
Boston Tea Party
Boston
Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.
On December 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea.
Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
In 1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their actions in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as the Intolerable Acts, which restricted colonists’ rights.
The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial One such law was the Boston Port Act. It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured.
Parliament Passes the “Intolerable Acts”
The Quebec Act was also passed in 1774, but was not apart of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.
Quebec Before and After 1774
The Continental Congress And Bloodshed
In 1774, the 1st Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts. The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The 1st Continental Congress was not a legislative body, rather a consultative body, and convention rather than a congress.)
The Continental Congress And Bloodshed
After 7 weeks of deliberation, the
1st Continental Congress drew up
several papers. The papers included a Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, and to the British people.
The creation of The Association was the most important outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete boycott of British goods; nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
Lexington and Concord
John Hancock In April 1775, the British commander Gage Boston sent a detachment of troops to
Lexington.
They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the “rebel” ringleaders, Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This incident was labeled as the “Lexington Massacre.” When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance On the retreat to Boston –Brits have over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. The British had a war, rather than a rebellion on their hands Samuel Adams
Lexington
shot heard 'round the world
British Strengths and Weaknesses
+ The population of Britain was almost 3 times as large + Britain also had a much greater economic wealth + Naval power.
+ Veteran Army + Manufactured goods + Indians and slaves + Support at home - Rebellion in Ireland - France, bitter from its recent defeat - Britain’s army in America had to operate under numerous difficulties; provisions were short.
American Pluses and Minuses
+ Home ground + Water bucket theory + Not lose + Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army - The Articles of Confederation was adopted in 1781. It was the first written constitution adopted by colonists.
- Supplies, arms - Continental Congress was forced to print “Continental” paper money.
- Tories - Slaves - Indians
A THIN LINE OF HEROES
At Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, winter of 1777-1778.
Baron von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into shape for fighting the British.
5000 African Americans from every state except Georgia and South Carolina served in the Revolutionary army
African Americans Choose the British Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In 1775, he issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.
The British actively recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and, consequently, more blacks fought for the Crown. An estimated 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed during the American Revolution. Approximately 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa.
Chapter Seven
The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775
Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The “radical Whig” idea, highly popular with colonial Americans, especially warned against 1. the evils of an hereditary titled nobility.
2. trade and manufacturing as the sources of moral and social corruption.
3. the corruption of society caused by patronage and bribery of the king’s ministers.
4. the potential of slavery to undermine principles of liberty and equality.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The “radical Whig” idea, highly popular with colonial Americans, especially warned against 3. the corruption of society caused by patronage and bribery of the king’s ministers.
Hint: See page 123.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies were essentially expected to 1. buy only British goods and sell all their own goods only to Britain and nowhere else.
2. furnish raw materials to the mother country and buy British manufactured goods.
3. provide troops for their own defense and pay taxes to support the common welfare of the Empire.
4. grant British investors fifty percent of the ownership of any colonial commercial or manufacturing enterprise.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Under the theory of mercantilism, the British colonies were essentially expected to 2. furnish raw materials to the mother country and buy British manufactured goods.
Hint: See page 123.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act were all fundamentally designed to 1. teach the Americans that they were subjects and not equal citizens of the British Empire.
2. force colonial Americans to pay for the costs of the Seven Years’ War and the continuing cost of their defense.
3. assert the principle that Parliament had the right to tax as well as legislate for the colonies.
4. generate revenues for subsidies to British merchants trading with all parts of the Empire.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act were all fundamentally designed to 2. force colonial Americans to pay for the costs of the Seven Years’ War and the continuing cost of their defense.
Hint: See pages 125–126.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The most effective colonial protest that forced repeal of the Stamp Act was 1. the Stamp Act Congress.
2. the creation of the Committees of Correspondence.
3. the violent colonial assaults on British Redcoats.
4. the complete colonial boycott of British goods.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The most effective colonial protest that forced repeal of the Stamp Act was 4. the complete colonial boycott of British goods.
Hint: See pages 127–128.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The single most crucial event leading up to the American Revolution was 1. the convening of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765.
2. the Boston Tea Party of 1773.
3. the Boston Massacre of 1770.
4. the establishment of an official Committee of Correspondence by the Virginia legislature in 1773.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The single most crucial event leading up to the American Revolution was 2. the Boston Tea Party of 1774.
Hint: See page 132.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Americans especially resented the granting of a monopoly on tea sales to the British East India Company because 1. Americans believed deeply in the principles of free economic competition.
2. its ability to sell tea at a lower cost would tempt Americans to violate their anti-taxation principles.
3. the corrupt Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson had secretly organized the entire affair.
4. selling the subsidized tea would ruin the possibility of developing an American tea industry.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Americans especially resented the granting of a monopoly on tea sales to the British East India Company because 2. its ability to sell tea at a lower cost would tempt Americans to violate their anti-taxation principles.
Hint: See page 131.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Which of the following was not part of the “Intolerable Acts” passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party?
1. closing the Port of Boston until the tea was paid for 2. suspending chartered rights like town meetings and jury trials 3. abolishing the Massachusetts colonial militia 4. granting British authorities the right to lodge British soldiers in private homes Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
Which of the following was not part of the “Intolerable Acts” passed to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party?
3. abolishing the Massachusetts colonial militia Hint: See page 133.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
In the First Continental Congress of 1774, John Adams took the lead in arguing 1. against a proposal for American home rule under British authority.
2. for an immediate declaration of independence as soon as an army could be raised.
3. in favor of gaining American representation in the British Parliament.
4. in favor of establishing the Continental Congress as a permanent body to defend American rights and liberties.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
In the First Continental Congress of 1774, John Adams took the lead in arguing 1. against a proposal for American home rule under British authority.
Hint: See page 134.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The British troops who marched to Lexington and Concord in April 1775 were aiming to 1. punish those towns for their part in the Boston Tea Party.
2. seize colonial militia gunpowder and capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
3. attack and defeat the assembled Massachusetts militia.
4. force all Massachusetts citizens to lodge British soldiers in their homes.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The British troops who marched to Lexington and Concord in April 1775 were aiming to 2. seize colonial militia gunpowder and capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
Hint: See page 134.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the outset of the American Revolution was 1. a strong and effective political leadership.
2. a British nation united behind the principle of forcing the Americans to support the Empire with their taxes.
3. a military strategy designed to prevent the Americans from holding the countryside.
4. a large, professionally trained army and navy.
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Kennedy, The American Pageant Chapter 7
The primary advantage that the British enjoyed at the outset of the American Revolution was 4. a large, professionally trained army and navy.
Hint: See page 135.
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