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Tejashwini B. UGC-Junior Research Fellow DOS in Library & Information Science University of Mysore Mysore-06 SCIENTOMETRICS DEFINITION Jul-15 2 Tejashwini It is the quantitative study of science output or outcome in any form, not just records or bibliographies. It comprises all the metrics studies related to science indicators, citation analyses, research evaluation, etc. Scientometrics is the science of measuring and analysing science. In practice, scientometrics is often done using bibliometrics which is a measurement of the impact of (scientific) publications. HISTORY OF SCIENTOMETRICS Jul-15 Derek De Solla Price(1922-1983) In his book entitled “Little Science – Big Science” (1963), Price analyzed the recent system of science communication and thus presented the first systematic approach to the structure of modern science applied to the science as a whole. Tejashwini 3 4 Tejashwini 1969, Vassily V. Nalimov & Z. M. Mulchenko coined the Russian equivalent of the term ‘scientometrics’ (‘naukometriya’). Jul-15 In EUGENE GARFIELD (1925-) Jul-15 The founder and chairman of the Institute for Scientific Information (now part of Thomson Reuters). In the early 1955 he developed the Science Citation Index, the world’s first large multidisciplinary citation database. Tejashwini 5 Tejashwini 6 Jul-15 The journal Impact Factor was first used as a measure for comparing journals independently of “size” and to help select journals for the Science Citation Index (SCI). Garfield later recognized the power of the IF for journal evaluation and considered it also a journal performance indicator. ROBERT K. MERTON (1910-2003) Jul-15 Robert K. Merton represents the sociologists’ view of scientometrics. Among his most famous ideas related to science and its measurement, the Mathew effect and his notion of citation as a reward system (currency of science) should be mentioned. Tejashwini 7 REASONS FOR QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF LITERATURE Analysis of structure and dynamics Understanding of patterns search for regularities - predictions possible Tejashwini Jul-15 verification of models, assumptions Rationale for policies & design 8 Qualitative methods often depend on assertions. ‘authoritative’ statements, anecdotal evidence Success of statistical methods in social sciences Need for justification & basis for decisions Something can be counted - irresistible Tejashwini Science searches for regularities Jul-15 9 WHAT STUDIED? author(s) origin Tejashwini Governed by data available in documents or information resources in general - that what can be counted Jul-15 organization, country, language source journal, publisher, patent … 10 VARIABLE: AUTHORS Tejashwini number in a subject, field, institution, country growth correlation with indicators like GNP, energy etc. productivity e.g. Lotka’s law collaboration - co-authorship, associated networks dynamics - productive life, transcience, epidemics papers/author in a subject mapping Jul-15 11 VARIABLE: ORIGIN Rates of production, size, growth by country, institution, language, subject Tejashwini Comparison between these Correlation with economic & other indicators Jul-15 12 VARIABLE: SOURCES Scatter - quantity/yield distribution Tejashwini information explosion - exponential laws time movements, life cycles Jul-15 Concentration most often on journals Growth, dynamics, numbers Bradford’s law Various distributions by subject, language, country 13 VARIABLE: CONTENTS Analysis of texts Tejashwini distribution of words – Zipf’s law words, phrases in various parts subject analysis, classification co-word analysis Jul-15 14 VARIABLE: REPRESENTATION Jul-15 Tejashwini frequency of use of index terms, classes distribution laws - key terms where? thesaurus structure 15 VARIABLE: CITATIONS Studied a lot; many pragmatic results base for citation indexes, web of science, impact factors, cocitation studies etc Derived: Tejashwini Jul-15 number of references in articles number of citations to articles bibliographic coupling 16 CITATIONS co-citations centrality of authors, papers validation with qualitative methods impact Tejashwini author connections, subject structure, networks, maps Jul-15 … MORE 17 VARIABLE: UTILIZATION frequency distribution of requests for sources, titles e.g. 20/80 law Tejashwini relevance judgment distributions circulation patterns use patterns Jul-15 18 LAWS & METHODS Jul-15 Tejashwini Lotka’s law Bradford’s law Zipf’s law Impact factor H –index(g, A, p etc.) Citation structures Citation Analysis Co-citation structures Co-word Analysis 19 ISSUES IN SCIENTOMETRCS Jul-15 Tejashwini ‘In databases we trust’ ‘In names we trust’ Citation networks Linguistic networks Mobility networks Online networks 20 40 25 35 20 Number of Citations Number of Citations 30 25 20 15 15 10 5 10 5 2002 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year of Citation 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Year of Citation Figure 2e: Year-wise growth of citations in Theoretical Research Figure 2f: Year-wise growth of citations in Detectors and Nuclear Instrumentation 3.0 25 20 2.0 Number of Citations Number of Citations 2.5 1.5 1.0 0.5 10 5 0 0.0 2002 15 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year of Citation Figure 2g: Year-wise growth of citations in Accelerators and Instrumentation 2011 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year of Citation Figure 2h: Year-wise growth of citations in Interdisciplinary Research and Applications 2011 300000 India is at 7th position 250000 200000 C ountries Tejashwini United-States Japan Germany United-Kingdom France USSR India Russian Federation Italy China Canada Brazil Switzerland Poland Netherlands Australia Sweden Czechoslovakia Austria Mexico 350000 Jul-15 Number of publications Nuclear S & T : A Global Perspective (INIS 1970-2002) 400000 150000 100000 50000 0 22 RANKING OF UNIVERSITIES Total Score 1 Harvard University 597.67 2 University Of Toronto 572.40 3 Johns Hopkins University 572.14 4 University Of California Berkeley 571.83 5 Stanford University 571.78 6 University of Oxford 571.17 7 University of California Los Angeles 566.66 8 University of Washington Seattle 564.72 9 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 563.38 10 University of Michigan Ann Arbor 563.23 Tejashwini University Jul-15 Rank 23 Country POLAND INDIA SPAIN CANADA RUSSIA ITALY ENGLAND PEOPLES-R-CHINA FRANCE GERMANY 6000 4000 Tejashwini JAPAN 8000 Jul-15 USA Number of publications 12000 Global View of Research in Raman Spectroscopy 10000 2000 0 24 Tejahwini 25