Copyright and P2P

John W. Bagby Professor of IST http://faculty.ist.psu.edu/bagby/ P2P/P2P-HomePage.htm

Evolving Context of Copyright

   Turn-of-the-century © Concepts • Designed for literary & artistic expression Controversial Protection Emerging Tech • Radically changed copying technologies • Distribution technology evolution Adaptations by the Courts • Congress slow to act • Foreign nations mimic U.S.

Copyright Application to New Technologies

    Copyright (Un)Suitability Digital Audio Sampling • Songwriter’s rights in composition • Musician’s right in “phonorecord” • Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. Digital Imaging Strategies • Licensing • Works for hire

Elements of Copyrightability

   Must be original Must be fixed in a tangible medium of expression Must be directly or indirectly perceivable by humans

Types of Copyrightable Works

Literary works Musical works Pictorials, graphics, and sculptures Motion pictures and A/V works Dramatic works Sound recordings Pantomimes and choreography Architectural works

Non-copyrightable Material

   Ideas are not copyrightable – only the expression of ideas.

Includes ideas, procedures, processes, systems, methods of operation, concepts, principles, or discoveries.

The

idea-expression dichotomy

states that creators can maintain control over ideas only if they qualify as patentable or remain as trade secrets.

rule

Bundle of Exclusive Rights

   

Reproduction

: prepare work in a tangible and permanent medium

RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia Derivative work

: adapt or change original work for another market or medium

Distribution

: initial public transfer of copyright work through sale, rental, lease, or other transfer

Performance

: public viewing using sensory reception

   

Bundle of Exclusive Rights

Display

: showing by mechanical means

Digital transmission

: digital broadcast of sound recordings

License

: temporary, revocable transfer of right to use work

Assignment

bundle : permanent and irrevocable transfer of elements of

Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

    DMCA creates civil and criminal prohibitions against tampering with copy protection or billing data.

DMCA does not add new exclusive rights to the bundle held by copyright owners.

DMCA applies to a variety of digital works.

Universal City Studios v. Corley

Copyright Procedures

  Easy/inexpensive Compared to Patents • Automatic upon fixation in tangible medium of expression: printed, recorded, photographed, sculpted, formed Registration & Deposit w/ Copyright Ofc • Technical adv. if regis. w/in 5 yrs of pub • Problems: software code has trade secrets • No longer prerequisite to infringement suit or moral rights

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Fair Use Defense

Infringement Excused, w/o Permission : • Criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research.

Transformative uses The four factors of fair use 1. Purpose and character of use 2. Nature of copyrighted work 3. Amt/substantiality of used portion 4. Effect of use on potential market

A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster

Notice: © 2001 by John W. Bagby (also copr. & copyright)    1. Pre-1976 revision: notice required on all visually perceptible copies, unless cured, copyright was lost, still governs events before 1989.

2. Post 1976: precludes infringer w/ access to original making assertion of innocent infringement 3. Notice may deter infringement

Duration

   Post-1977 Works • Life of author + 50 yrs • Works made for hire  100 yrs. from creation or 75 yrs from 1st pub. Pre-1978 registered works - 28 years • Renewable for another 28 yrs.

Pre-1978 unregistered works - only C/L • No life+50

Infringement Analysis

   Copying or Violation of Any 1 in Bundle Proof of Copying - Expert Testimony • Access to original suggests copying possible & explains similarities Proof of Illicit Copying - No Experts • Substantial similarity in expression only • Idea-expression dichotomy • Qualitatively vital elements “essence” • Eliminate unprotected ideas, scenes a faire

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Abstraction/Filtration/ Comparison Analytics

Abstraction • Dissect structure: code to functions Filtration • Remove from infringement consideration:  Ideas & their incidents   External factors (interface, IEEE, RS232, VGA) Public domain Comparison • Core of protectables left compared

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Copyright Infringement Remedies

Injunction: copying, sales of copies Destruction of infringing copies Actual damages or Infringer’s profits Statutory damages-$500 to $20,000 • Willful: up to $100,000 Attorney’s fees & costs Criminal penalties for willful violations • $500,000 &/or 10 yrs. imprisonment