Transcript Eire- Irlande

Eire- Irlande- Ireland
The Rising of 1641
Cromwell’s Campaigns
The Penal Laws
The Reformation and the new
administration
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In town and country the old elites had been
ousted from political and economic power by
the Reformation.
The Elizabethan administration was the
principal agency of the anglicisation of the
new kingdom of Ireland.
Resentment of the ‘old’ English in Leinster.
Reformation
Orangeroyal control
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Dissolution of religious
houses
The Reformation and the new
administration
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Former Gaelic territories became shires,
leading to English-style social and
landholding structures.
Revolts by displaced Irish swordsmen in
Munster.
New plantations began in 1550s
The Reformation and the new
administration
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By the time of a major rebellion in 1598 and
during the Nine Years War, the number of
settlersw was only about a third of that
anticipated.
Avenging warbands and armies of Gaelic
and “Old” English former landholders.
Plantations in Ireland c1550-
English and Scottish
Plantations in Ireland
16-17th cent.
Jacobean plantations
after 1608
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601
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Hugh O’ Neill (Aodh O Neill) led the Ulster
confederacy in 1595.
His choice: work with the English and head
an English-style administration in Ulster and
lose the support of the Gaelic leaders, or
throw in his lot with the younger provincial
leaders against the infiltration of their
territories by English officials.
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601
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He had a professionally-trained and wellequiped army. Many victories culminating in
the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598.
Moved to other provinces and sought
international military help.
Demanded liberty of conscience.
By 1600, the increased English involvement
led to a decline in O’Neill’s victories.
The O’Neill Rising 1595-1601
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A Spanish fleet containing 3,500 troops arrived at
Kinsale in 1601.
Battle on Christmas Eve 1601; Spanish remained in
their base, and the Irish were defeated.
Retreat to Ulster, and signed a peace-treaty.
In time, in 1605, he left with his family and retainers
and other Gaelic lords for the Continent.
Jacobean Plantations in Ulster
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The plan became public in 1608.
The town of Derry was granted to the
corporations of the City of London in 1613 as
part of the Jacobean plantations.
It became in the process, Londonderry.
The native Ulstermen of Gaelic stock.
The Rising of 1641
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A rising by Ulstermen led by Sir Phelim O’Neill
seized Charlemont Castle.
They described themselves as Irish royalists, and
pushed south as far as Drogheda.
A contingent from Europe of Irish ex-pats arrived.
The war dragged on until 1643.
The Irish civil war became part of the English civil
war.
Oliver
Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
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The execution of Charles I (1649). United the
Irish royalists.
Cromwell’s confiscation of land (1652-57)
Drogheda and Waterford.
1650s creation of Trinity College, Iriah
parliament abolished with poor Irish
representation in Westminster (London).
The Williamite Revolution
James II 1685-88
Military triumph of William of OrangeAntiCatholic laws. (73% of Ireland was catholic in
1731).
 Jacobitism.
 The Battle of the Boyne 1690 July 1st
Penal Laws 1697-1703
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Anti-Catholic legislation served to secure
political, economic and social ascendancy of
Protestants in Ireland.
Depriving Catholics of ecclesiastical
leadership, and limiting the number of clergy
in the country.
Penal Laws 1697-1703
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Restriction of education for Catholics
Carry arms
Enter the major professions
To own, lease and inherit land.
Excluded from the political process until
1790s.
Percentage of
households
Catholic 1732
Leinster
79%
Ulster
38%
Munster
89%
Connacht
Nationally
91%
73%
Eire- Irlande- Ireland
The 1798 Rebellion
Catholic Emancipation
The Great Famine
Decline of the Irish language
The Government of Ireland, 1692-1785
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A new Irish parliament in early 1690s.
Two chambers.
An exclusively Protestant assembly. (oath of
adjuration)
Sat for approx six months every two years
between 1692 and 1784.
Irish executive at Dublin Castle was not
responsible to parliament. Lord Lieutenant.
1798 Rebellion
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Preceded by decades of sectarian hostility.
United Irishmen led by Wolfe Tone in a campaign to
bring all in Ireland together and to break the
connection with England.
Most of the activity was in Ulster and Leinster.
Attempts were made to bring the French into the
military campaign.
The rebellion was mainly in Ulster, the French
arrived but rather late and the Crown forces won.
The United Irishmen
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Reforming the representative system.
Catholics did have the franchise in
1793.(Catholic freeholders)
Revolutionary separatists
Alliance with the Catholic Defenders
Bantry Bay 1796.
Rebellion 1798- sought to declare a republic.
Catholic Emancipation
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Repeal between 1778-1792 of most of the
penal laws.
Still the prohibition of sitting in parliament.
Act of Union 1800. Allowed the Protestant
Ascendancy to remain in the majority.
Royal opposition.
Daniel O’ Connell
early 1820s
‘the liberator’
O’ Connell
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O’Connell emerged as a leader of Catholics,
popular politicization.
After his success in a parliamentary election,
eventually Catholics were given the right to
sit in Parliament. 1828
Campaign to repeal the Act of Union.
Monster meetings 1843
Catholic clergy grew after 1860s.
Catholic
clergy
3001 or more people
per priest
19th century Catholic
Church décor
Famine and emigration
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Between 1800-1845 there were 16 food
crises.
Population was declining after the peak in
the 1700s. Emigration was grwoing by the
1840s.
The fungal disease (Phytophthera infestans)
arrived in 1845.
famine
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The blight spread rapidly, and 40% of the crop
was destroyed.
The blight returned during the three
subsequent years.
In all, one million died (40% from Connacht,
30% from Munster, 21 % from Ulster, 9% from
Leinster).
Famine 1845-48
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The blight spread rapidly because of the wet
harvest season, and 40% of the crop was
destroyed.
Malnutrition and epidemic disease.
Deserted village after the famine
Eire- Irlande- Ireland
POST-FAMINE EMIGRATION
GROWTH OF IRISH NATIONALISM
SEPARATION 1916-1923 (EASTER
RISING)
Growth of Irish nationalism
 Young
Ireland Movement of 1840s
 Charles Stewart Parnell
 The Irish Party
 Irish Republican Brotherhood
(Fenians)
Growth of Irish Nationalism
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Gaelic Athletic Association 1884
Conradh na Gaeilge (The Gaelic League)
1893
Irish literary renaissance
1905- Sinn Fein- towards politcal
independence
Land Reform (‘Land war’ 1879-82)
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Transfering land from landowner to tenant.
1881 Judicial power to fix rents (evictions),
conversion of ordinary tenancies to fixed tenancies.
1885 Land commission to lend to tenants to buy their
holdings. (farms)
Home-rule bill 1885
1903-Wyndham’s Act-created the 20th century
pattern of independent family farms. (buy-out
landowner’s interests).
The Easter Rising 1916
 40% of the male adult population served in the
British Army during WWI. (1914-1918).
 Many joined because they thought it would lead to
Home Rule in Ireland. The Ulster Volunteer Force
thought otherwise.
 Radical nationalist opinion.
The Easter Rising 1916
 Lasted less than a week. Concentrated on the centre
of Dublin.
 Unconditional surrender by the leaders of the Rising
on 29 April.
 Padraig Pearse, James Connolly, Eamon De Valera.
 Execution of the leaders
Eamon De Valera
At the time
Of the Easter Rising
James Connolly
Michael Collins
Patrick Pearse
Patrick Pearse
(Padraig
Mac Pearais)
Main Post Office, Dublin
Post Office burning during the Rising in Dublin
1916
1916
First meeting of
Dáil Eireann 1919
After the Easter Rising
 The Volunteer movement became the Irish
Republican Army, and in the political sphere Sinn
Fein. Their success in the election of 1918.
 Foundation of Dail Eireann in 1919.
 Guerrilla war over the next two years (by IRA).
(“Anglo-Irish War”) against British forces.
 1921 Arthur Griffiths and Michael Collins go to
London and sign the ‘Treaty’.
After the Easter Rising
 This was unacceptable to many Republicans in
Ireland (De Valera) De Valera ran the underground
republican Government during the War of
Independence.
 Civil War in 1922. 12 months unrest. Assassination
of Michael Collins.
 The Irish Free State (Saorstat na hEireann).
 1926 De Valera and his new party Fianna Fail
return to the Dail.
After the Civil War
 De Valera comes to power in 1932.
 The ‘Economic War” with Britain.
 A new Constitution 1937.
 1949 Declaration of the Irish Republic. Inter-party
government.
President De Valera
In the 1960s