Transcript Fig. 7-0a - Estrella Mountain Community College

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Average beak depth (mm)
10
9
8
0
1976
1978
(similar to the (after
prior 3 years) drought)
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Base-pair
substitutions
Insertion sites
1
500
1,000
Intron
Exon
Substitution resulting
in translation of
different amino acid
1,500
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Deletion
2,000
2,500
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(a) Caterpillars raised on a diet of
oak flowers
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(b) Caterpillars raised on a diet of
oak leaves
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MAP
AREA
CANADA
ALASKA
Porcupine herd
Beaufort Sea
Porcupine
herd range
Fortymile
herd range
Fortymile herd
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Frequencies of alleles
p  frequency of CR allele
 0.8
q  frequency of CW allele
 0.2
Alleles in the population
Gametes produced
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Each egg:
Each sperm:
80%
20%
chance chance
20%
80%
chance chance
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20% CW (q  0.2)
80% CR (p  0.8)
Sperm
CR p  0.8
CW q  0.2
CR
p  0.8
0.64 (p2)
CRCR
Eggs
CW
0.16 (pq)
CRCW
0.04 (q2)
CWCW
0.16 (qp)
CRCW
q  0.2
64% CRCR, 32% CRCW, and 4% CWCW
Gametes of this generation:
64% CR
(from CRCR plants)
R
 16% C R
4% CW

(from CWCW plants)
(from C CW plants)
 80% CR  0.8  p
16% CW
 20% CW  0.2  q
(from CRCW plants)
With random mating, these gametes will result in the same
mix of genotypes in the next generation:
64% CRCR, 32% CRCW, and 4% CWCW plants
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CWCW
CRCR
CRCR
CRCW
CRCR
CWCW
CRCW
5 plants
leave
offspring
CRCR
CRCR
CRCW
CRCW
CRCW
Generation 1
p (frequency of CR)  0.7
q (frequency of CW)  0.3
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CWCW
CRCR
CRCW
CWCW
CRCW
CRCR
CRCR
2 plants CRCR
leave
offspring
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
CRCW
Generation 2
p  0.5
q  0.5
CRCR
CRCR
CRCR
Generation 3
p  1.0
q  0.0
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Original
Surviving
Bottlenecking
population
population
event
(a) By chance, blue marbles are overrepresented in
the surviving population.
(b) Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi)
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Pre-bottleneck Post-bottleneck
(Illinois, 1820) (Illinois, 1993)
Greater prairie chicken
Range
of greater
prairie
chicken
(a)
Population
size
Number
of alleles
per locus
Percentage
of eggs
hatched
1,000–25,000
50
5.2
3.7
93
50
Kansas, 1998
(no bottleneck)
750,000
5.8
99
Nebraska, 1998
(no bottleneck)
75,000–
200,000
5.8
96
Location
Illinois
1930–1960s
1993
(b)
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Central
population
NORTH SEA
Eastern
population
Vlieland,
the Netherlands
2 km
60
Survival rate (%)
50
Population in which the
surviving females
eventually bred
Parus major
Central
Eastern
40
30
20
10
0
Females born in
central population
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Females born in
eastern population
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Frequency of
individuals
Original
population
Original
Evolved
population population
Phenotypes (fur color)
(a) Directional selection
(b) Disruptive selection
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(c) Stabilizing selection
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Bones shown in
green are movable.
Ligament
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Experiment
Recording of SC
male’s call
Recording of LC
male’s call
Female gray
tree frog
LC male gray
SC male gray
tree frog
tree frog
SC sperm  Eggs  LC sperm
Offspring of
SC father
Offspring of
LC father
Survival and growth of these half-sibling offspring compared
Results
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Key
Frequencies of the
sickle-cell allele
0–2.5%
2.5–5.0%
Distribution of
malaria caused by
Plasmodium falciparum
(a parasitic unicellular eukaryote)
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5.0–7.5%
7.5–10.0%
10.0–12.5%
12.5%
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“Left-mouthed”
P. microlepis
Frequency of
“left-mouthed” individuals
1.0
0.5
0
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“Right-mouthed”
P. microlepis
1981
’83
’85
’87
Sample year
’89
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