Transcript Document

THE LINKS BETWEEN ENERGY AND
DEVELOPMENT: OBSERVATIONS
FROM THE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
PROGRAMME IN ZIMBABWE
Maxwell Mapako
CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment
P O Box 395
Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Map of Zimbabwe
© CSIR 2006
www.csir.co.za
Context of Rural Grid Electrification in
Zimbabwe
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Focus on unelectrified rural centres, often
called ‘growth points’
Local councils promote enterprise
development and let small stands (plots) at
growth points
Households are scattered, which is the
usual settlement pattern in rural Zimbabwe.
These have to bear the full cost of
connection from nearest growth point
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History of Rural Grid Electrification
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To meet post-independence expectations
Generous donor support was available,
utility could be subsidised
Criteria mainly based on equity
ESAP brought need for financial
sustainability
Criteria: improve electricity utilisation and
cut costs (econ activities, proximity)
Cross subsidy from levy on tariff 1%-6%
End use support introduced
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Study Outline
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Aim to understand the Expanded RE
Programme (EREP) programme
73 small enterprises covered
Confined to Southwest Zimbabwe (arid/hot)
Focus: end user perceptions as these are
poorly covered in official literature
This is initial work on a larger study in the
region
To encompass FGDs and other stakeholder
inputs
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Enterprises encountered
Only frequencies at least 10% listed
Type of enterprise
Frequency %
Retailing
21
Bottle store
15
Grinding mill
15
Farming / ranching
12
Supply farm produce
10
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Enterprise prevalence views
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Enterprise profitability views
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Reported problems
Only frequencies >4% listed here
Problem faced
Freq%
Financial constraints
30
Power cuts
23
Transport / deliveries
10
Fuel Scarce
4
Lack of equipment
4
Lack of skills
4
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Impact of EREP
Only frequencies #5 and more listed for After EREP figures
Type of enterprise Before EREP After EREP
Frequency%
Frequency%
None
Retailing
Grinding mill
Bottle store
Farming / ranching
Butchery
Welding
70
11
3
8
1
30
14
11
8
7
4
4
Irrigation
Restaurant
3
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3
3
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Fuel use patterns before/after EREP
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Machinery use trends before/after EREP
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Perceived benefits of EREP
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Perceived negative aspects of EREP
Only frequencies 4% and above listed
Criticism
Freq %
Expensive
25
Slow
25
Power cuts
14
Not reaching everyone
8
None
7
Not participatory
4
Not transparent / bias
4
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What respondents would change
Only frequencies of 4% and above listed
Proposed change
Freq %
Financing approach
Improve equipment supply
Speed up implementation
Install Electricity
No response
None
Education, skills
Improve efficiency
People must payback
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18
15
14
12
8
8
4
4
4
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Community benefits example
Chasiyatende Primary School in Chivi District, near Masvingo,
a town in Masvingo Province in the Southeast of Zimbabwe
Arid and famine-prone area.
The headmaster registered the school as a milling company,
thereby qualifying for a maize allocation from the central
Grain Market Board.
The school grinds, bags, and markets the maize meal to the
community.
School had reduced / waived fees in hard times and built own
classrooom blocks.
Approach is being replicated.
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Concluding remarks
There is growing consensus that focusing on economic activities in the
provision of energy services is an effective way to contribute to
reduction of poverty.
The experience in the expanded rural electrification programme in
Zimbabwe seems to lend weight to this view and deserves further
study as it evolves since it undoubtedly holds lessons for other
countries in the region.
Policy innovation has a crucial role in providing a conducive environment
for novel approaches to implementation
Flexibility and willingness to learn lessons and incorporate them into
ongoing programmes evident
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Thank you