Transcript Slide 1

First Nation and Inuit Community Well-Being :
Describing Historical Trends (1981-2006)
Strategic Research and Analysis Directorate
April 2010
Indian and Northern
Affairs Canada
Affaires indiennes
et du Nord Canada
Content of Presentation
 Overview of the Methodology
 Historical Trends of Well-Being in First Nations, Inuit and
Other Canadian Communities (1981-2006)
 Regional Variations and disparities of First Nation and Inuit
well-being (2006)
 Disparities in Well-Being between First Nations and Inuit
Communities
Page 2 of 27
The Community Well-Being Index
(CWB)
Overview of the Methodology
Page 3 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
A Brief Description
 The Community Well-Being (CWB) Index was developed
to help measure the quality of life of First Nations and Inuit
communities in Canada relative to other communities and
over time.
 This tool uses Statistics Canada’s Census of Population
data to produce ‘well-being’ scores for individual
communities based on four indicators:
–
Education (High School Plus; University);
–
Labour Force (Participation, Employment);
–
Income (Total per Capita); and,
–
Housing (Quantity: defined on the basis of overcrowding,
Quality: defined based on the need for major repairs).
Page 4 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
One of Many Ways of Measuring Well-Being
 The components included in the CWB are certainly not a
complete list of all dimensions of well-being.
 The CWB is limited to four components (education, labour
force, income and housing) primarily because not all
dimensions of well-being are measured by the Canadian
Census of Population.
 The CWB Index represents only one of many ways of
measuring well-being. While this index contributes to the
understanding of well-being in First Nations and Inuit
communities, it does not define well-being.
Page 5 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Definition of Communities
 The CWB is calculated for all Canadian communities
with a population of at least 65 individuals.
 For the purposes of the CWB Index, communities are
defined in terms of Census subdivisions (CSDs).
CSDs are municipalities or their equivalent (e.g., Indian
reserves, Indian settlements). They are classified as First
Nations, Inuit or other Canadian communities so that wellbeing in these different types of communities can be
compared.
Page 6 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Methodological considerations
 Some communities defined as Inuit or First Nations may
contain important non-Aboriginal populations.

Respective well-being of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal
populations may differ within a given community.
 Similarly, significant Aboriginal populations exist within
some areas defined as Other Canadian Communities.

At the current time, the CWB does not allow to look at urban
Aboriginal well-being.
Page 7 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Changes to Methodology
 This new release of the CWB index is different from the
original CWB previously released in 2004 because of
changes to the methods of calculation, leading to a revision
of all Aboriginal and non-aboriginal community scores.
 These revisions to the CWB methodology were made
necessary because of changes introduced by Statistics
Canada to the Education questions on the 2006 census of
Population.
Page 8 of 27
You can learn more
about the CWB
methodology.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Best to Use to the 2010 CWB Release
 It is strongly recommended to use the new series of
CWB scores since :
– It includes 2006 data; and,
– Its revised methodology will be the basis of all future
CWB analyses produced at INAC.
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The Community Well-Being Index
(CWB)
Historical Trends of Well-Being
in First Nations, Inuit and
Other Canadian Communities
(1981-2006)
Page 10 of 27
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores, 1981-2006
Since 2001, there has been
little or no progress with the
CWB of First Nation and Inuit
communities.
100
First Nations
Inuit Communities
90
Other Canadian Communities
77
80
71
CWB Index
From 1981 to 1996,
significant progress of the
CWB of First Nation and Inuit
communities, which has
resulted in reduction of the
well-being gap relative to
other Canadian communities.
70
60
61
67
62
57
60
50
72
73
48
55
57
57
2001
2006
51
47
40
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
Year
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Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Education Component Score, 1981-2006
The large jump in "High
School Plus" in other
Canadian Communities may
in part be attributed to how
education data were
collected and/or processed in
2006.
70
First Nations
60
Inuit Communities
Other Canadian Communities
49
50
Education Score
Educational attainment has
been increasing since 1981,
but more rapidly in other
Canadian Communities since
2001.
41
40
32
34
28
30
33
30
20
10
16
14
0
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
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Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Labour Force Component Score, 1981-2006
100
90
80
Labour Force Score
Labour force activity has
increased in all types of
Canadian communities since
1981 at almost the same
pace.
83
84
78
77
70
71
80
70
60
72
67
Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Income Component Score, 1981-2006
Recent increases in Inuit
communities have occured at
a faster rate.
100
First Nations
Inuit Communities
90
Other Canadian Communities
80
77
80
Income Score
Generally, income has been
increasing since 1981 at a
similar pace for First Nations
and Other Canadian
communities.
69
70
70
60
64
50
55
55
2001
2006
48
40
43
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
Year
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Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Housing Component Score, 1981-2006
The housing score of other
Canadian communities has
been fairly stable since 1981.
100
The overall housing score of
First Nation and Inuit
communities has declined
between 2001 and 2006,
particularly in Inuit
communities.
80
93
91
94
Housing Score
90
72
70
70
71
63
66
60
Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
56
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Housing Quantity, 1981-2006
Inuit communities have
experienced a similar upward
trend in the 1981-2001 period
followed by a marked decline
from 2001 to 2006.
100
99
% living in non-crowded dwellings -
According to census statistics
on crowding in First Nations,
housing quantity has
improved significantly since
1981.
90
99
93
81
78
80
Within the housing
component of the
CWB index,
housing quantity is
assessed by looking
at the proportion of
the population living
in a dwelling that is
NOT crowded based
on the number of
people per room.
70
69
66
60
Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
51
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
33
30
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Housing Quality, 1981-2006
100
89
88
90
% not requiring major repair -
The Housing Quality element
of the CWB index has
decreased in First Nation and
Inuit communities, while
remaining stable in other
Canadian communities.
80
70
78
89
75
76
66
65
60
59
50
First Nations
Inuit Communities
40
Other Canadian Communities
30
1981
Within the housing
component of the
CWB index,
housing quality is
assessed by looking
at the proportion of
the population living
in a dwelling NOT
requiring major
repair.
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
Year
Page 17 of 27
Source:
Statistics Canada,
1981, 1991, 1996,
2001 and 2006
Census of Population.
The Community Well-Being Index
(CWB)
Regional Variations and disparities of First Nation and
Inuit well-being (2006)
Page 18 of 27
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores by Region, 2006
Highest scores are found
in the Atlantic region and
the North.
100
90
80
80
77
76
76
82
80
79
73
CWB Index
In 2006, First Nation
communities showing
the lowest CWB scores
were located in the
Prairies, where the
largest segment of the
Aboriginal population an
the highest proportion of
the population is located.
70
66
64
60
62
60
60
49
50
49
Source:
Statistics Canada,
2006 Census of
Population.
51
40
30
Atlantic
QC
ON
First Nations
MB
SK
AB
BC Territories
Other Canadian Communities
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Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Average CWB Scores by Region, 2006
100
90
82
80
76
73
CWB Index
Well-being of Inuit and
First Nations
communities is
comparable in Quebec
and in the Atlantic region
but slightly lower for Inuit
in the Territories.
70
64
66
66
60
60
62
59
50
Source:
Statistics Canada,
2006 Census of
Population.
40
30
Atlantic
QC
First Nations Communities
Territories
Inuit Communities
Other Canadian Communities
Page 20 of 27
The Community Well-Being Index
(CWB)
Disparities in Well-Being between First Nations and
Inuit Communities
Page 21 of 27
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Distribution of Communities by CWB Level, 2006
First Nation communities
show large disparities
across the CWB scale.
Other Canadian Communities
(N=3,860)
30%
25%
20%
15%
Source:
Statistics Canada,
2006 Census of
Population.
10%
5%
00
5
95
-1
0
90
-9
5
85
-9
0
80
-8
5
75
-8
0
-7
70
65
-7
5
0
60
-6
5
55
-6
0
50
-5
5
45
-5
0
-4
40
-4
35
-3
5
0%
30
One First Nation
community ranked
among the “top 100”
Canadian communities
in 2006.
First Nations (N=537)
35%
Percent of Communities
Among the “bottom 100”
Canadian communities,
96 were First Nations.
40%
CWB Index
Page 22 of 27
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Distribution of Communities by CWB Level, 2006
Other Canadian Communities
(N=3,860)
30%
25%
20%
15%
Source:
Statistics Canada,
2006 Census of
Population.
10%
5%
00
5
95
-1
0
90
-9
5
85
-9
0
80
-8
5
75
-8
0
-7
70
65
-7
5
0
60
-6
5
55
-6
0
50
-5
5
45
-5
0
-4
40
-4
-3
5
0%
35
Two of the top 10
Aboriginal communities
are Inuit communities.
Inuit Communities (N=50)
35%
30
Still, Inuit communities
show greater disparities
than other Canadian
communities across the
CWB scale.
40%
Percent of Communities
Fewer Inuit communities
than First Nations fall at
the low end of the CWB
continuum.
CWB Index
Page 23 of 27
Community Well-Being Index (CWB)
Changes to CWB Scores, 1991-2006
Community WellBeing
First Nations
Communities
Inuit
Communities
Other Canadian
Communities
1991-1996
Stable or Increasing
Decreasing
82% (371)
18% (81)
90% (45)
10% (5)
72% (3146)
29% (1256)
1996-2001
Stable or Increasing
Decreasing
71% (332)
29% (136)
70% (35)
30% (15)
83% (3012)
17% (636)
2001-2006
Stable or Increasing
Decreasing
64% (286)
36% (162)
70% (35)
30% (15)
90% (3402)
10% (361)
Between 2001 and 2006, about a third of First Nation and Inuit communities
experienced a decline in their CWB index score, compared to only one in ten for
other Canadian communities.
Page 24 of 27
Source:
Statistics Canada,
2006 Census of
Population.
Summary
 The Community Well-Being (CWB) Index is a method of
assessing socio-economic well-being in First Nation and Inuit
communities, and facilitate comparisons to other Canadian
communities. It combines census data on education, labour
force, income and housing into a well-being “score” (from 0 to
100). The components included in the CWB are certainly not a
complete list of all dimensions of well-being.
 The CWB Index represents only one of many ways of measuring
well-being.
 The CWB index was first released in 2004.
 The 2006 CWB index is now available, including revisions to the
historical time series (1981-2001).
Page 25 of 27
Summary (continued)
 The situation has changed significantly since the release of
the 2001 CWB index.

There has been little or no progress with the overall CWB score of
First Nation and Inuit communities between 2001 and 2006.

The education component of
the CWB has increased in
First Nation and Inuit
communities between 2001
and 2006.

The housing component
has declined in First Nation
(major repairs) and Inuit
(major repairs, crowding)
communities between 2001
and 2006.
First Nation and Inuit Community
Well-Being (CWB), 2001-2006
Components
of CWB
First Nation
Communities
Inuit
Communities
Education
Increasing
Increasing
Labour Force
Increasing
Decreasing
Income
Stable
Increasing
Housing
Decreasing
Decreasing
Page 26 of 27
Summary (continued)
Range of Community Well-Being
(CWB) Score in 2006
The level of disparity observed in First
Nations and Inuit communities is
relatively stable, but remains significantly
greater that that observed with other
Canadian communities.


In 2006, 95% of other Canadian
communities score within a CWB
range of 23 points (from 64 to 87),
while the same proportion of First
Nations spread over a range of 38
points (from 39 to 77). In comparison,
95% Inuit communities 33 points (from
48 to 81).
Among the “bottom 100” Canadian
communities, 96 were First Nations and
one is Inuit in 2006. Only one
First Nation community ranked among
the “top 100” Canadian communities.
Two of the top 10 Aboriginal
communities are Inuit communities.
90
(Excluding outliers)
High
87
80
CWB Score

100
High
81
High
77
70
60
50
Low
64
Low
48
40
Low
39
30
Other Canadian Communities (Avg CWB = 77)
Inuit Communities (Avg CWB = 62)
First Nation Communities (Avg CWB = 57)
Page 27 of 27