Transcript Chapter 1

The Digital Logic Level
Dr. Masri Ayob
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 1
Digital and Analog Quantities
• Analog quantities have continuous
values
• Digital quantities have discrete sets of
values
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 2
Digital and Analog Quantities
Analog quantities have
continuous values
Digital quantities have
discrete sets of values
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 3
Digital and Analog Quantities
Types of electronic devices or instruments:
• Analog
• Digital
• Combination analog and digital
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 4
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• The conventional numbering system
uses ten digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just
two digits: 0 and 1.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 5
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• The two binary digits are designated 0
and 1
• They can also be called LOW and HIGH,
where LOW = 0 and HIGH = 1
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
Binary values are also
represented by voltage levels
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
• tw = pulse width
• T = period of the waveform
• f = frequency of the waveform
1
f
T
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Basic Logic Operations
There are only three basic logic operations:
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Gates
(a) A transistor inverter. (b) A NAND gate.
(c) A NOR gate.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Comparison function
Decoding function
Counting function
Arithmetic functions
Code conversion function
Encoding function
Data selection function
Data storage function
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Comparison function
– Compares two binary values and
determines whether or not they are equal
• Decoding function
– Converts binary-coded information into a
non-binary form
• Counting function
– Generates sequences of digital pulse that
represent numbers
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Arithmetic functions
– Perform the basic arithmetic
operations on two binary values:
•
•
•
•
Addition
Subtraction of two values
Multiplication
Division
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 13
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
•
Code conversion function
– Converts, or translates, information
from one code format to another.
•
Encoding function
– Converts non-binary information
into a binary code
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 14
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Data selection function
– Multiplexer (mux)
• Switches digital data from any number of
input sources to a single output line
• Demultiplexer (demux)
– switches digital data from a single
input to any number of output lines
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 15
Overview of Basic Logic Functions
• Data storage function
– Retains binary data for a period of
time
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•
•
•
•
Flip-flops (bistable multvibrators)
Registers
Semiconductor memories
Magnetic-media memories
Optical-media memories
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 16
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
IC package styles
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
• Small-outline IC (SOIC)
• Flat pack (FP)
• Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Slide 17
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Dual in-line package
(DIP)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Small-outline IC
(SOIC)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 19
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Flat pack (FP)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 20
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Plastic-leaded chip
carrier (PLCC)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Leadless-ceramic chip carrier (LCCC)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Introduction to Programmable Logic
• SPLD—Simple programmable logic
devices
• CPLD—Complex programmable logic
devices
• FPGA—Field-programmable gate arrays
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Slide 23
Introduction to Programmable Logic
• SPLD
– PAL (programmable array logic)
– GAL (generic array logic)
– PLA (programmable logic array)
– PROM (programmable read-only memory)
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Test and Measurement Instruments
•
•
•
•
Analog Oscilloscope
Digital Oscilloscope
Logic Analyzer
Logic Probe, Pulser, and Current
Probe
• DC Power Supply
• Function Generator
• Digital Multimeter
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Logic Gates
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•
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•
•
•
Inverter
AND Gate
OR Gate
Exclusive-OR Gate
NAND Gate
NOR Gate
Exclusive-NOR Gate
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 26
The Inverter
Truth table
Boolean expression
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an inverter is always the
complement (opposite) of the input.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 27
The AND Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an AND gate is HIGH only
when all inputs are HIGH.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 28
The AND Gate
3-Input AND Gate
4-Input AND Gate
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 29
The OR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an OR gate is HIGH
whenever one or more inputs are HIGH
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 30
The OR Gate
3-Input OR Gate
4-Input OR Gate
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 31
The NAND Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of a NAND gate is HIGH
whenever one or more inputs are LOW.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 32
The NAND Gate
3-Input NAND Gate
4-Input NAND Gate
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 33
The NOR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of a NOR gate is LOW
whenever one or more inputs are HIGH.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 34
The NOR Gate
3-Input NOR Gate
4-Input NOR Gate
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 35
Exclusive-OR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an XOR gate is HIGH
whenever the two inputs are different.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 36
Exclusive-NOR Gate
Boolean expression
Truth table
0 = LOW
1 = HIGH
Pulsed waveforms
The output of an XNOR gate is HIGH
whenever the two inputs are identical.
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 37
Thank you
Q&A
Floyd
Digital Fundamentals, 9/e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Slide 38