Transcript Unit 8 - PowerPoints - The American Civil War

The American Civil War
1861–1865
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Causes
There were many causes for the outbreak of the Civil War. Many people agree
slavery was the main cause for the war. In addition, sectional differences led to
conflicts. Northern and Southern states were developing different lifestyles and
cultures. Differences in the economic life of the North and the South also
contributed to the conflict. The North’s economy focused on finance and
manufacturing, and the South specialized in crops and agricultural trade. Southern
states also began to question the extent of the federal government’s power.
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How does this painting, Tragic Prelude, represent the debate over
slavery prior to the Civil War?
Abolitionist Movement
The Abolitionist Movement was active
in Northern and Western states before
the Civil War. Abolitionists wanted
slaves to be freed. Some abolitionists
favored relocating them in Africa.
Many, but not all, abolitionists believed
African-American slaves should have
the same freedoms as their owners.
Southern states opposed the abolition of
slavery; it was a financial necessity and
part of their social structure. The
South’s agricultural trade depended on
crops produced with slave labor.
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A Divided Nation
Comparing Northern and Southern Societies
The North’s population was three
times that of the South. Most other
countries recognized the Union as
the government in America.
However, Britain and France had
friendly relations with the
Confederacy and considered aiding
the South. The North also was more
affluent.
The South had about nine million
people, including about three million
slaves. The average Southerner was not
as wealthy as the average person living
in the North. About 90 percent of
American industry and railroads were
in the North. Reliance on slave labor
discouraged the creation of new jobs in
the South. This discouraged
immigration, and most immigrants
settled in the North.
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The Leaders
Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth
President of the United States. He
opposed the expansion of slavery. A
Republican, Lincoln led the Union
during the Civil War. John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Lincoln in Washington,
D.C., on April 14, 1865.
Jefferson Davis was President of the
Confederate States of America. During the
Mexican War, he had been an officer in
the United States Army. Davis also had
served as the United States Secretary of
War. When the South surrendered, he was
charged with treason and prohibited from
running for public office again.
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The Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
William T. Sherman
Thomas Jackson
George Meade
James Longstreet
George B. McClellan
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James E.B. Stuart
The Civil War Begins
• The shots fired at Fort Sumter marked the
beginning of the Civil War.
• In response, Lincoln called for 75,000
volunteers to serve in the army for 90 days.
• The rush to volunteer forced slave states in the
South to choose a side.
• On April 14, 1861 South Carolina seceded,
and on April 17, Virginia followed.
• In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North
Carolina followed.
Uniforms
At the beginning of the Civil War, states provided uniforms to soldiers; and the
uniforms were in a variety of colors. This led to massive confusion on the battlefield,
and often soldiers fired on their own men. As the war continued, both sides chose a
single color for their uniforms. The United States of America chose blue, and the
Confederate States of America chose gray.
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Border states choose sides
• Border states included: Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland, and Missouri.
• Many wondered what the border states would
do.
• Maryland was the most critical. If it seceded,
than Washington D.C. would be surrounded by
Confederate territory.
• Missouri was important because it controlled
the lower Mississippi River.
• Kentucky controlled some 500
miles of the Ohio River.
• Both states joined the union.
Goals of the North and South
• Northern Goals: Keep the support of the
border states and non abolitionists, avoid
making slavery the issue, fight to save the
Union.
• Southern Goals: To be left alone with slavery
unchanged.
• The South wanted a defensive war, which
meant the North would have to invade the
south.
• The North was better equipped for the war.
• It had a larger population, and contained most
of the nation’s factories and railroad lines.
• The South was fighting to preserve their way
of life.
• Some southerners thought the South’s greatest
advantage was its huge cotton exports to
textile mills in Britain and France.
• The South thought that they would gain
foreign aid, but when that did not happen, they
stopped exporting cotton to them.
Tactics and Technology
• Most of the generals on both sides had been
trained at West Point and used tactics that they
had learned in previous wars.
• The weapons in the Civil War were deadlier
than in previous wars.
• Other new weapons were exploding shells,
flamethrowers, and machine guns.
• Observation balloons were used.
• The telegraph allowed officers in the field to
communicate quickly with government
officers.
• For the first time in history, railroads were
used to move large numbers of troops and
supplies.
Weapons of the Civil War
canister shot
artillery projectile
rifled barrel
officer’s sword
Springfield rifle, 1861
(Union)
Although the Union used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
British Enfield rifle, 1853
(Confederacy)
minié ball
Although the Confederacy used many types of rifles, this was the most common.
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Union Plans
A. Planned to use its Navy to blockade Southern ports.
B. Capture the Confederate capitol- Richmond.
C. Seize control of the Mississippi River
Confederate Plans
A. Fight a defensive war
B. Make war unpopular in the North…
WHY?
C. Trade with Europe for supplies.
Strategies
Anaconda Plan
Union General Winfield Scott suggested the Anaconda
Plan to halt Southern trade. The plan would impose a
blockade. This would eventually enable the North to
control the Mississippi River. Meanwhile, the army
would divide and isolate sections of the South and
capture its vital cities and the capital in Richmond,
Virginia. Under General Ulysses S. Grant, the North’s
strategy kept pressure on General Robert E. Lee’s army
and constantly weakened their numbers. The larger
population of the North made this possible.
King Cotton
The Confederacy adopted a defensive strategy and
attempted to secure alliances with more powerful
countries such as Britain and France. To do that, the
South needed to show it could win the war. As a
result, the Confederate army attacked Union territory
to draw Union troops away from the South and to
impress potential allies. As the war continued, the
Southern strategy became one of evading the Union
army, prolonging the war, and inflicting casualties to
demoralize the North.
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Major Battles of the Civil War
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Fort Sumter
First Battle of Bull Run
Antietam
Fredericksburg
Shiloh
Chancellorsville
Vicksburg
Gettysburg
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Battle of Bull Run
Where- Bull Run, VA
Year- July 21, 1861
Who won- South
Generals: South-Stonewall
Jackson
North-McClellan
Casualties- North-2900
South-2000
WHY IMPORTANT?
Showed that both sides
needed training and it
was going to be a long
and bloody war.
Battle of Antietam
Year- September 1862
Where- Sharpsburg,
Maryland
GeneralsRobert E. Lee-South
McClellan-North
Who won- Nobody,
but South retreated.
Why important?
Bloodiest day of
Civil War- 26000
casualties! General
McClellan replaced
by Burnside
Battle of Fredericksburg
Year- December 1862
Where- Virginia
Generals- North- Burnside
South-Robert E. Lee
Who Won- South killed
the North
Casualties- Union-13000
Confederacy-5000
Why Important? It was
one of the North’s
worst defeats, Burnside
is retired.
Battle of Shiloh
Year- April 1862
Where- Along the Tennessee
River
GeneralsNorth- Ulysses S. Grant
Who Won- North
Why Important? One of the
bloodiest battles of the Civil
war. North Gained control of
the Mississippi river. Grant
proved himself as a great
General.
Battle of Chancellorsville
Year- 1863
Where- Virginia
GeneralsSouth-Stonewall Jackson
Who won- Brilliant victory by
the South- again
Why important? At the end of
one day of battle, nervous
Confederate soldiers fired at
what they thought was an
approaching Union soldierbut is was really Stonewall
Jackson- he died several days
later.
The War at Sea
The Battle of the Ironclads also is known
as the Battle of Hampton Roads and the
Battle of the Monitor and the Merrimack.
This battle was fought off Sewell’s Point near
Hampton Roads, Virginia. It was the first
naval battle between two ironclad ships, the
Union’s USS Monitor and the Confederacy’s
CSS Virginia, which was rebuilt from the
USS Merrimack.
The battle took place over two days, and
the Virginia destroyed many of the Union’s
wooden ships. The next day, the two ironclads
clashed at sea, and the Virginia was damaged.
Neither side claimed victory in this battle, but
the battle revealed the future of naval warfare.
Ironclad, steam-driven ships were at a
decisive advantage against wooden sailing
vessels.
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Vicksburg
Mississippi
May 2-July 9, 1863
The lengthy Battle of Vicksburg began
in Warren County on May 13, 1863.
The North and the South considered
Vicksburg an important stronghold.
Union General Ulysses S. Grant
launched massive assaults on
Vicksburg and terrorized the
inhabitants. Confederates achieved a
minimal victory at Milliken’s Bend
against untrained black troops. Federal
troops pushed Confederate forces
back as the size of the Union forces
continued to increase. Confederate
General John Pemberton surrendered
to Grant on July 3, 1863.
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Gettysburg
Pennsylvania
July 1-3, 1863
The Battle of Gettysburg began as the
Battle of Vicksburg was ending.
Confederate General Lee forced federal
troops, under General George C. Meade’s
command, to lose ground as the
Confederate forces attempted to take the
city. Lee planned several attacks,
including attacks at Peach Orchard and
Devil’s Den. The Union army fought
back, repelling Confederate attacks and
sending them back to Culp’s Hill. Lee
was relentless and sent his army back into
battle, but to no avail. He eventually
began a retreat toward Williamsport.
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The Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863
President Abraham Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation. It was part
of a two-part plan that guaranteed
freedom to slaves in the Union and some
Confederate states. The Confederate
government claimed Lincoln could not
issue laws over states in which he had no
political control. The first plan, enacted
on September 22, 1862, freed slaves in
Confederate states that had not yet
rejoined the Union. The second part took
effect on January 1, 1863, applying to
specific states, but not to the border
states such as Maryland and West
Virginia.
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The Gettysburg Address
November 19, 1863
Abraham Lincoln delivered this famous
speech on November 19, 1863, to a crowd
gathered at the dedication of Soldier’s
National Cemetery in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania. The speech contains only two
hundred seventy-two words, but it is
considered one of the greatest speeches in
American history.
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African Americans and the war
• Thousands of slaves, however, escaped to join
invading Union troops.
• Many were hired to drive wagons, build forts,
or serve as guides.
• The Emancipation Proclamation freed
enslaved people in all areas that were in
rebellion against the U.S.
• It encouraged freedmen to join the Union
forces.
• African American soldiers served in
segregated units, usually commanded by white
officers.
• Nearly 180,000 African Americans served in
the Union armies.
Conditions for soldiers
• Most soldiers died not from wounds, but from
disease.
• They suffered from diseases such as mumps,
measles, and smallpox.
• Poor sanitation and polluted water also caused
diseases.
Conditions for prisoners were far worse than in
the camps.
• The most notorious prisoner camp was
Andersonville in Georgia.
• Andersonville.ppt
The Home Front
• There was more widespread property damage
in the South.
• Shortages of both food and goods made life
extremely difficult.
• Southerners faced inflation.
• Military drafts started on both sides, and
caused riots across the country.
Women and the War
• Women on both sides contributed to the war
effort.
• Some disguised themselves as men and
enlisted in the army.
• A few served as spies.
• Women took over farms, stores, and
businesses.
• About 3,000 served the Union army as nurses.
Clara Barton
• Clara Barton served as a nurse and would later
begin the American Red Cross.
Blockade Runners
• To get scarce goods, southerners depended on
blockade runners.
• These were low, sleek ships that carried
southern cotton to Caribbean ports, where it
was unloaded and shipped to Europe.
• The ships brought back silk, soap, pepper, and
other needed goods.
• Later, blockade runners would bring medical
and military supplies.
West of the Mississippi
• Union and Confederate forces also clashed
west of the Mississippi River.
• They fought over natural resources and
additional soldiers for their armies.
• Lincoln did not enforce the draft in the West.
• 17,000 Californians joined the Union army.
• Western mines provided gold and silver to pay
Union war costs.
• More than 10,000 Native Americans took part
in the Civil War.
• Confederate agents negotiated treaties with the
Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and others.
• But many Indian units fought with the Union
army.
The Final Phase
• In March 1864, Lincoln gave Grant command
of all Union armies.
• In June, the armies met at the Battle of Cold
Harbor
• The siege would cut the supplies to the
Confederate capital.
• Sherman and his army marched toward
Atlanta.
• Sherman laid siege to the city and his artillery
shelled it daily.
• He was able to close the last railroad line into
Atlanta.
The election of 1864
• The democrats chose George McClellan to run
as their candidate.
• The Republicans chose Lincoln, with Andrew
Johnson as his running mate.
• Lincoln easily defeated McClellan in the
election.
• Lincoln’s victory enabled Congress to finally
pass the 13th Amendment, which ended slavery
in the U.S.
The War Ends
• After the 1864 election, Sherman and his
troops marched across Georgia, and set Atlanta
on fire.
• Over the next three weeks, Sherman’s army
destroyed crops, livestock, homes, and
businesses.
• In 1865, Confederate forces fled Richmond.
• Lee tried to escape but found himself
surrounded by Union troops.
• Gone with the Wind clip: Fleeing Atlanta
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnEZrV
_WT44
• He surrendered rather than lose more lives.
• Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court
House, Virginia on April 9.
• Lee’s troops had to turn over their weapons
and leave.
• President Lincoln did not live to see the
official end of the war, he would be
assassinated three days later on April 14, 1865.
Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865
President Abraham Lincoln was
assassinated at the end of the Civil
War. He was killed on April 14, 1865,
while attending a play at Ford’s
Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his
wife and two other people. Lincoln
was watching Our American Cousin
when John Wilkes Booth shot him in
the back of the head.
Booth was a loyal Confederate, and
he thought the Confederacy could
triumph if Lincoln were dead. Booth
jumped off the balcony and broke his
ankle, but managed to escape the
theater. Lincoln died of his fatal
wound the next morning.
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The Trial and Execution of the Conspirators
The conspirators in the assassination of
President Lincoln were Mary Surratt,
Lewis Powell, David Herold, George
Atzerdot, Michael O’Laughlen, Samuel
Arnold, Edman Spangler, and Dr. Samuel
Mudd. They were tried in a military
tribunal court because the government
deemed the nature of the case required the
use of this court. A majority vote would
result in a guilty verdict, while a two-thirds
majority would result in a death sentence.
All eight were found guilty. Surratt,
Powell, Herold, and Atzerdot were
sentenced to death by hanging. O’Laughlen
died in prison. President Andrew Johnson
pardoned Arnold, Spangler, and Mudd.
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Legacy of the War
The Civil War was the bloodiest war in American history. It has been referred to as
“The War Between the States,” “The Brother’s War,” and the “War of Northern
Aggression.” More than 600,000 Americans lost their lives, and countless others
were wounded severely. The Civil War led to passage of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth ,
and Fifteen Amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments
outlawed slavery, granted African Americans United States citizenship, and granted
African-American males the right to vote. Although equal treatment under the law
for African Americans would not be enforced until almost a hundred years later, the
Civil War abolished slavery and established the supremacy of the federal
government.
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