Transcript INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND REFORM
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ENGLAND AND THE CONTINENT:
1780-1850
WHY ENGLAND?
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Geography and natural
resources
Economic development
and efficiency
Political support and
protection
Social conditions included
population increase
Agricultural Revolution
meant greater food
production
INVENTIONS PUSHED INDUSTRY
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Cotton Industry #1
Flying Shuttle: Increased
speed of weavers
Water Frame: Arkwright’s
invention produces yarn fast
Spinning Jenny: Hargreave’s
Jenny produced more yarn
Mule: Crompton’s combined
Water Frame & Spinning Jenny
Power Loom: Cartwright’s
loom meant weavers could
keep up with spinners
Cartwright’s power loom
1787
STEAM ENGINE PLAYS MAJOR
ROLE IN INDUSTRY
Steam Engine cause
factory system to spread
beyond cotton (flour)
 Started as means to
pump water from coal
mines
 Newcomen invents
“steam pump” – 1712
 Watt repairs a Newcomen
engine and adds
condenser creating steam
engine in 1760s
 By 1850, 90% of English
Cotton Industry= steam
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IRON INDUSTRY
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Iron transformed
during I.R.
In 1780s a better
method devised to
make iron
“Puddling” introduced
by Cort; coke used to
burn away impurities
1740= 17,000 tons
1840= 2,000,000 tons
RAILROAD PROMOTES
TRANSPORTATION BOOM
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Started with hand
carts for moving coal
Then cast iron rails
Then steam power in
1804
Then Stephenson’s
Rocket in 1830
(16 mph)
Railroads built
CRYSTAL PALACE EXHIBITION
1851: First Industrial
World’s Fair
 Held at London’s
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Crystal Palace
Made entirely of glass
& iron
 6,000,000 visited
100,000 exhibits
 Displayed England’s
wealth & success
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INDUSTRY SPREADS SLOWLY TO
CONTINENT
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The continent experience
slower and more uneven
growth than England
More agrarian than
England – less urban
Lacked many of the
advantages England had
Napoleon blockade hurt
trade from 1790-1815
Customs barriers acute
Thus I.R. delayed
Some Advantages For Continent
Population growth
meant both ready
labor force & markets
 Blockade did revive
wool & textile
industry
 Continent borrowed
ideas from England
 Governments spend
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN ENGLAND & CONTINENT
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Until 1850, the Continent
lacked technical edge
England more LaissezFaire, less Mercantile
Continent had more
tariffs (Merc. Policy). See
Friedrich List’s, National
System of Political Econ.
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Continent utilized JointStock Banks – less private
funds
3 MAJOR CENTERS
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Belgium: Cotton,
steam power,
investment banks,
Cockerill
 France: lead
continent in cotton
manufacturing
 Germany: After
1850, heavy industry
exploded in Germany
EASTERN EUROPE?
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Utterly lacking in
industry
Small middle class
Rural areas dominate
landscape
Autocrats/nobles keep
peasants down
Not until late 1800s
does Russia
industrialize
REFORM IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
Living conditions in
urban industrialized
nations was miserable
 Overcrowding, lack of
sanitation, pollution,
crime, sexual
immorality,
drunkenness , etc.
characterized the era
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REFORMERS EMERGE
Disgusted by the
conditions around
them, some fought
for change
 Chadwick sought
change through
modern sanitation
 Due to his efforts,
England passed Public
Health Act 1848
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NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: THE
INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS
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The term middle class
increasing became
synonymous with
commerce, industry &
banking
Previously term bourgeois
meant merchant class
New middle class had
common values such as
resolution, initiative,
ambition & greed
NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: WORKERS
IN INDUSTRIAL AGE
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In the course of the
19th century, factory
workers would form
an Industrial
Proletariat
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However, in a 1851
census from Britain,
agricultural workers
still outnumbered
factory workers 2 to 1
UNIONS EMERGE
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Soon workers looked to
labor organizations to
gain wages & better
conditions
Combination Acts 1799
was passed in England to
outlaw unions (repealed
in 1824)
Owens formed Grand
National Consolidated
Trades Union in 1834
CHARTISM
Another movement
was called Chartism
 1838- In England this
movement demanded
greater democracy, 8hour days, male
suffrage, payments
for Parliament
 Lasting effect was
worker consciousness
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LUDDITES SMASH MACHINES
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Some reacted negatively
to the new
industrialization
The Luddites, skilled
craftsmen in England,
attacked the machines of
the new era
While some view them as
naïve, others see them as
illustrative of intense
feelings against the new
industrialization
GOVERNMENT RESPONDS
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Slowly, governments
passed a variety of acts
aimed at alleviating urban
hardships
A series of Factory Acts
were passed in the early
19th century
These acts limited
working hours and child
labor
Other acts included the
Ten Hours Act and the
Coal Mines Act
EMERGENCE OF AN ORDERED
SOCIETY
During the upheavals of
the late 18th and early
19th centuries, the ruling
elite became more
concerned about social
order
 Their response was to
create & increase police
presence and numbers,
and to institute prison
reform including less
capital punishment & a
greater focus on
rehabilitation
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