Transcript Document

Unit 12
Crossing Culture
Outline
• Text A
Conversation: Are We Dating?
• Text B
The Influence of Culture
• Exercises
Text A
Conversation: Are We Dating?
•
Date: v. to spend time with someone
you have a romantic relationship with
约会
e.g. They were dating for
five years before they got
married.
How long have you
been dating Nicky?
Text A: An Overview
• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in Mexico
has come to the United States for a threeday conference held by Rita’s department.
Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join her for
dinner, and tonight they’re meeting at
Shalimar, a popular Indian restaurant.
Though Rita has explained how to get there
from his hotel, Alvaro still can not find the
restaurant. So he asks Ryan, a passerby, for
direction.
• Alvaro: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me
where Main Street is? I’m looking for
Shalimar, an Indian restaurant.
• Ryan: Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place.
Turn left at the second light and then go
straight for two blocks. Shalimar is on the
corner.
• Alvaro: Is it far?
• Ryan: No. It's only a five-minute walk.
• Alvaro: Thanks a lot.
• (At the restaurant)
• Rita: Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I was
a little concerned.
• Alvaro: What time is it? Am I late?
• Rita: It’s almost 7:30. You’re only 20 minutes
or so late, so it’s no big deal.
• Alvaro: In Mexico people are usually at least
20 minutes late. If people decide to meet at 7,
no one will be there until 7:30, maybe even 8
o’clock.
• Rita: You are kidding! Most of the
people I know get upset if I’m more
than 10 or 15 minutes late.
• Alvaro: I assume most Latin Americans
are just not as concerned with time.
• Rita: I suppose you are right.
• Alvaro: In fact, this whole experience
is pretty strange.
• Rita: What do you mean?
• Alvaro: Well, in my country, women don’t
invite men to dinner very often.
• Rita: Really? I suppose there are a lot of
women in the U.S. who won’t ask men out
either. But there are a lot of women who like
doing it, like me. I like to decide who I want
to spend my time with and how. Whenever a
guy asks me out, that usually means he’s the
one in charge.
• Alvaro: So, are you in charge tonight?
You asked me out, you picked the
restaurant, you reserved the table…
• Rita: Come on! Quit giving me a hard
time. I figured you are here by yourself
and probably sick of your hotel room.
I’m just trying to be nice…
• Alvaro: So this isn’t a real date?
• Rita: Not at all!
• Alvaro: I just needed to make sure, you know?
People in Mexico don’t usually go on, how do
I say it, this sort of casual date.
• Rita: People here do it all the time, you know.
• Alvaro: At home I would go out with a group
of friends if I just wanted to have fun, but
going out with just one woman would
automatically be considered a date.
• Rita: So, what looks good to you?
• Alvaro: I don’t know what I want. I’m
actually not very hungry yet. This is a
little early for me.
• Rita: What are you talking about? It’s
almost 8 o’clock. I’m starving!
• Alvaro: Is this late for you? I usually
don’t have dinner until 9 or later.
Detailed reading
• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in
Mexico has come to the United States
for a three-day conference held by
Rita’s department.
• Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join
her for dinner, and tonight they’re
meeting at Shalimar, a popular Indian
restaurant. Though Rita has explained
how to get there from his hotel, Alvaro
still can not find the restaurant. So he
asks Ryan, a passerby, for direction.
• Alvaro Jaramillo from a university in
Mexico has come to the United States
for a three-day conference held by
Rita’s department.
– a three-day conference held by Rita’s
department: 过去分词held做定语修饰
conference
• Conference: n. a meeting in which matters
are discussed formally 会议
e.g. a conference on women's rights
They frequently hold conferences at that
hotel.
• be in conference (formal) to be in a meeting
Ms O'Neill isn't available at present. She's
in conference.
• Yesterday, Rita invited Alvaro to join
her for dinner, and tonight they’re
meeting at Shalimar, a popular Indian
restaurant.
– join her for dinner e.g.
Would you like to join us for fun?
– Indian restaurant 印度餐馆
• Though Rita has explained how to get
there from his hotel, Alvaro still can
not find the restaurant.
– though conj. 尽管
– explained how to get there… 动词不定式
– still: 仍然
• So he asks Ryan, a passerby, for
direction.
– passerby: n. someone who is going past a
particular place, especially when
something unusual happens 过路人 e.g.
The gunmen opened fire, killing a
policeman and a passer-by.
– ask sb. for direction 问路
– direction: instructions that you give to
someone about how to find a particular
place e.g.
Can you give me directions to your house?
"Did you have any difficulty finding the
theatre?" "No, your directions were
excellent."
• 来自墨西哥某高校的阿尔瓦罗·雅拉米罗来
美国参加一个为期三天的会议，会议主办
方是丽塔所就读的系。昨天，丽塔邀请阿
尔瓦罗共进晚餐，今天，他们在莎乐美，
一家知名的印度餐厅见面。虽然丽塔已经
向阿尔瓦罗解释了怎么从酒店前往此处，
可他还是找不着。于是，他向路人赖安问
路。
• Alvaro: Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me
where Main Street is? I’m looking for
Shalimar, an Indian restaurant.
• Ryan: Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place.
Turn left at the second light and then go
straight for two blocks. Shalimar is on the
corner.
• Alvaro: Is it far?
• Ryan: No. It's only a five-minute walk.
• Alvaro: Thanks a lot.
• Conversation skill: asking for and
giving directions 问路
--Excuse me, sir. Can you tell me
where Main Street is? I’m looking for
Shalimar, an Indian restaurant.
--Oh, Shalimar, that’s a good place.
Turn left at the second light and then
go straight for two blocks. Shalimar is
on the corner.
• Can you tell me where Main Street is?
– Can you tell me后接where引导的宾语从句，
句子用正常语序
• Turn left at the second light (traffic
light)
• go straight for two blocks (街区)
• on the corner 在转角处 E.g.
– Then we passed the bookshop on the
corner.
– It's on the corner opposite the hospital.
• It's only a five-minute walk.
– five-minute walk 走路5分钟的距离，也可以
说five minutes’ walk.
– 10-minute/ 10 minutes’ drive 开车10分钟
– 用于回答how far有关的问句。
Conversation:
– How far is it from here?
– It’s within walking distance.
• 阿尔瓦罗：对不起，先生。您能告诉我缅
因街怎么走吗？我在找莎乐美，一家印度
餐厅。
• 赖安：哦，莎乐美，那个地方不错。在第
二个交通灯处向左转，然后直走两个街区。
莎乐美就在转角处。
• 阿尔瓦罗：远吗？
• 赖安：不远，走路5分钟。
• 阿尔瓦罗：谢谢您。
• (At the restaurant)
• Rita: Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I was
a little concerned.
• Alvaro: What time is it? Am I late?
• Rita: It’s almost 7:30. You’re only 20 minutes
or so late, so it’s no big deal.
• Alvaro: In Mexico people are usually at least
20 minutes late. If people decide to meet at 7,
no one will be there until 7:30,
maybe even 8 o’clock.
• Hi, there! Glad you could make it! I was
a little concerned.
– Hi, there! 嗨，你（们）好！用于打招呼，网
络互动中常见。
– Glad you could make it!
– make it v. <口>获得成功，达到预定目标, 及
时抵达 e.g.
The train goes at10.15. I think we shall
make it. 火车10点1刻开，我想我们能赶上。
Give me a chance. I can make it. 给我个机
会，我能做到。
e.g.
I'm a bit concerned about/for your health.
– concerned adj. worried 关心的 担忧的
He was concerned to hear that two of his trusted
workers were leaving.
Concerned parents held a meeting. 忧心忡忡的家
长们开了一次会。
concerned也可以表示“与……有关” e.g.
as far as… is concerned
就……而言
Where money is concerned,
I always try to be very careful.
在有关钱的问题上，我总是尽量
小心谨慎。
• You’re only 20 minutes or so late, so
it’s no big deal.
– 20 minutes late 迟到20分钟
– or so： about 大约 e.g.
There are 300 students or so in this
middle school. 这所中学大约有300个学生。
– it’s no big deal: It’s not a serious problem.
什么大不了的。e.g.
We'll have to pay a little more - it's no big
deal.
• In Mexico people are usually at least 20
minutes late.
• At least : 至少 e.g.
– He ate at least three apples.
– This car will cost you at least 300
thousand Yuan.
– You might at least apologize.
– compare: at most 至多
• If people decide to meet at 7, no one
will be there until 7:30, maybe even 8
o’clock.
– … no one will be there until 7:30，7:30以前
没有人来
– no one 没有人
– no one vs. none
no one vs none
• none相当于nobody或nothing，既可指人，
也可指物，用于对三者或三者以上的人或
物的否定，其后可接of短语；当它作主语时，
谓语动词用单、复数均可。例如：
– None of us are(is)interested in this
book． 我们对这本书都不感兴趣。
– None of the food was bad．食物都没有坏。
– I like none of these books．这些书我都不喜
欢。
• no one相当于nobody,只能指人，不能指
物，其后不可接of短语，语气比none更强
烈。当它作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
例如：
– No one knows where Jack has gone．没有
人知道杰克到哪去了。
– No one likes the film．没有人喜欢那部影片。
• none用来回答以how many或how much
开头的问句；noone用来回答以who开头
的问句。例如：
How many students
are there in the room?房间里有几个人?
None．一个人也没有。
Who will go
to the party?谁要去参加那个聚会?
No one．没有人。
• His father has bought many books home, but
_______ is easy enough for him to read.
A. none
B. no one
A
C. every one
D. some one
• She doesn't know anyone here. She has
got______to talk to.
D
A. anyone
B. someone
C. everyone
D. no one
• （在餐厅）
• 丽塔：嗨，这里！真高兴你来了，我还有些担心
呢。
• 阿尔瓦罗：现在几点了？我来晚了吗？
• 丽塔：快7点半了，你只晚了20分钟，没什么大
不了的。
• 阿尔瓦罗：在墨西哥，人们通常至少要迟到20分
钟。如果决定7点见面，没有人会在7：30甚至8
点之前到的。
• Rita: You are kidding! Most of the people I
know get upset if I’m more than 10 or 15
minutes late.
• Alvaro: I assume most Latin Americans are
just not as concerned with time.
• Rita: I suppose you are right.
• Alvaro: In fact, this whole experience is
pretty strange.
• Rita: What do you mean?
• Alvaro: Well, in my country, women don’t
invite men to dinner very often.
• You are kidding! Most of the people I
know get upset if I’m more than 10 or
15 minutes late.
– You are kidding! 你一定是在开玩笑吧！表示
惊讶、不相信。也可以说：
You must be kidding me!
You must be joking.
Are you kidding me?
• get upset:
– upset: adj. afflicted with or marked by
anxious uneasiness or trouble or grief 烦
燥的,不高兴
– I‘m always upset when I don’t get any
mail. 我接不到任何邮件时总是心烦意乱。
– upset 做名词：Last-minute changes
caused a great deal of upset. 出现的临时
变动造成一片混乱。
– upset作动词：The news quite upset
him. 这消息使他心烦意乱。
• I assume most Latin Americans are
just not as concerned with time.
– assume: v. to accept something to be true
without question or proof
e.g.
I assumed (that) you knew each other
because you went to the same school.
Let's assume (that) they're coming and
make plans on that basis.
– Latin America: 拉丁美洲
– not as concerned with time 这是一个省略句，
省略用来进行比较的as Americans
– as… as 与…..一样，用于比较句型,中间插入
的是形容词或副词的原级。意思是“达到与什么
相同的程度”。Your pen writes as smoothly
as mine.你的钢笔书写起来和我的一样流畅。
– 否定式为not as/so +adj./ adv. +as。例如：
This dictionary is not as/so useful as you
think.这本字典不如你想象的那样有用。
• I suppose you are right.
– suppose v. 想, 设想, 猜测; 认为, 以为 e.g.
I suppose you are right.
Let's suppose (that) the news is true.
– be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 e.g.
You are supposed to sumbit your writing
before the end of this month.
• In fact, this whole experience is pretty
strange.
– in fact 实际上
– this whole experience 整个的经验
– pretty: adv. 相当
• 丽塔：开玩笑吧！如果我迟到10或15分钟，我认
识的大多数人都会心烦意乱的。
• 阿尔瓦罗：我想大多数拉美人对时间没有那么关
注。
• 丽塔：我想你是对的。
• 阿尔瓦罗：实际上这整个经验都很奇怪。
• 丽塔：你指什么？
• 阿尔瓦罗：哦，在我们国家，女人们通常不大邀
请男人吃饭。
• Rita: Really? I suppose there are a lot of
women in the U.S. who won’t ask men
out either. But there are a lot of women
who like doing it, like me. I like to decide
who I want to spend my time with and
how. Whenever a guy asks me out, that
usually means he’s the one in charge.
• I suppose there are a lot of women in
the U.S. who won’t ask men out either.
But there are a lot of women who like
doing it, like me.
– there are a lot of women who… 定语从句
– ask men out 约男人出去
– either adv. 也，用于否定句 e.g.
It's not as heavy, either. 这也不那么重。
• But there are a lot of women who like
doing it, like me.
– 两个like，第一个是动词，喜欢，用于like to
do/ doing sth.第二个是介词，“好像”。e.g.
– We like our work to be justly evaluated. 我
们喜欢别人公正的评价我们的工作。
– Like me, she enjoys all kinds of music.她和
我一样，各种音乐都喜爱。
– He is a like a son to her. 他对她就像是儿子。
• I like to decide who I want to spend my
time with and how.
– who I want to spend my time with是
decide的宾语从句，此句中with不可省
略，因为spend my time with sb.
– and how在此为省略句，即and how to
spend my time。
• Whenever a guy asks me out, that
usually means he’s the one in charge.
– he’s the one in charge，in charge修
饰the one，the one是代词，指人
– whenever 无论何时
– in charge:
• whenever: adverb , conjunction :every
or any time无论何时
e.g. I blush whenever I think about it.
Whenever I go there they seem to
be in bed.
I try to use olive oil whenever
possible.
• in charge: being the person who has
control of or is responsible for
someone or something
e.g. Who will be in charge of the
department when Sophie leaves?
I left Jack in charge of the suitcases
while I went to get the tickets.
• 丽塔：真的？我想在美国也有许多女人不
会邀请男人出来吃饭，不过也会有许多女
人乐意这么做，比如我。我喜欢决定自己
跟谁共渡时光，以及如何度过。如果一个
男人邀请我出来吃饭，通常意味着他是有
控制权的一方。
• Alvaro: So, are you in charge tonight?
You asked me out, you picked the
restaurant, you reserved the table…
• Rita: Come on! Quit giving me a hard
time. I figured you are here by yourself
and probably sick of your hotel room.
I’m just trying to be nice…
• Alvaro: So this isn’t a real date?
• Rita: Not at all!
• You asked me out, you picked the
restaurant, you reserved the table…
– ask me out
– pick: v. to choose挑选
e.g.
pick a card from the pack.
– reserve: v. to keep something for a particular
purpose or time 预订 e.g.
I reserve Mondays for tidying my desk and
answering letters.
These seats are reserved for the elderly and
women with babies.
• Come on! Quit giving me a hard
time.
– Come on! 在此表示不同意，“得了吧”。
– quit: v. stop 停止，辞职
quit doing sth. 停止做某事
quit smoking 戒烟
Would you quit your job if you inherited
lots of money?
– give sb. a hard time 为难某人
• I figured you are here by yourself
and probably sick of your hotel
room.
– figure: v认为,领会到 e.g.
They figured it was better to stay where
they were. 他们断定还是呆在原地好。
– (be) sick of: be tired of 厌烦
e.g. I’m sick of the way you’re behaving.
I’m sick of doing nothing all day
long.
• 阿尔瓦罗：所以，今晚控制权在你手中吗？
你请我出来，你选择了餐厅，你预定了位
子……
• 丽塔：拜托，别这样挖苦我了。我想你独
自一人在此，可能待在酒店房间里会觉得
烦。我只是想尽量表现得友好些……
• 阿尔瓦罗：那么我们不是真的在约会了？
• 丽塔：当然不是！
• Alvaro: I just needed to make sure, you know?
People in Mexico don’t usually go on, how do
I say it, this sort of casual date.
• Rita: People here do it all the time, you know.
• Alvaro: At home I would go out with a group
of friends if I just wanted to have fun, but
going out with just one woman would
automatically be considered a date.
• Rita: So, what looks good to you?
• I just needed to make sure, you know?
– make sure 确保 to establish something
without doubt
– just want to make sure that everything is
ok.
我只想确认一切安好.
– Make sure he writes everything down.
– be sure of/ that 确定 e.g. I'm sure that no
one will love me more than he does.
我确定没有人会比他更爱我了.
• People in Mexico don’t usually go on,
how do I say it, this sort of casual date.
– how do I say it 插入语，说话时为自己争取更
多时间
– casual: adj. not taking or not seeming to
take much interest; not finding something
important 随便的
e.g. The psychologist's attitude seemed
far too casual.
• At home I would go out with a group of
friends if I just wanted to have fun, but
going out with just one woman would
automatically be considered a date.
–
–
–
–
虚拟语气
have fun 有意思
automatically 自动地
be considered a date
• automatically: adv. If something
happens automatically, it happens as
part of the normal process or system
e.g. Employees who steal are
dismissed automatically.
• Conversation：
-- So, what looks good to you? 你看有什
么好吃的？
类似上一单元的What are you going to
get?都是邀请对方点菜。
• 阿尔瓦罗：我只是想确定，你知道吗？在墨西哥，
人们通常不会有，该怎么说呢，这种随意的约会。
• 丽塔：你要知道，这里的人总有这样的约会。
• 阿尔瓦罗：在家乡，我要是想找乐子，会跟一群
朋友出去；但是如果只跟一个女人出去，那就自
然而然被认为是在约会。
• 丽塔：那么，你想点什么吃？
• Alvaro: I don’t know what I want. I’m
actually not very hungry yet. This is a
little early for me.
• Rita: What are you talking about? It’s
almost 8 o’clock. I’m starving!
• Alvaro: Is this late for you? I usually
don’t have dinner until 9 or later.
• This is a little early for me. 对我来说有点
太早了。
– This course is a bit difficult for me. 这个课
程对我有点太难了。
– He is a little demanding for me. 对我来说他
要求太高了。
• I’m starving!
• v. to (cause to) become very weak or
die because there is not enough food
to eat 饥饿 e.g.
– Whole communities starved to death
during the long drought.
– From talking to former prisoners in the
camps, an obvious conclusion is that they
have been starved.
• 阿尔瓦罗：我不知道想吃什么，实际上我
还不太饿。这个时间对我有点早了。
• 丽塔：你说什么？已经8点了，我都饿死了。
• 阿尔瓦罗：对你已经很晚了吗？我通常要
到9点或者9点以后才吃晚饭。
Idiomatic Study: asking for
directions
• A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where
Main Street is?
• B: Turn left at the second light and
then go straight for two blocks. It's
only a five-minute walk.
• A: Excuse me. Could you please tell me
how to get to the station?
B: Turn left at the first light. You can't
miss it.
• A: Can you help me out? I'm trying to
find a post office.
B: Go three block and make a right. It's
right there.
• A: Excuse me. How do I find the city
hall?
• B: Just go straight, it’s on this street,
on the right, about a mile and a half.
• A: Pardon me, I’m lost. How do I get to
the museum?
• B: Go to the second light and turn left.
Then go the third stop sign. The
museum is on that corner.
• Thank you!
Text B The Influence of
Culture
Main idea
• Para. 1: It is wrong to assume that
different cultures socialize children in
the same way.
• Para 2-3: There are evidence showing
the differences of different cultures in
socializing their children.
Detailed reading: para. 1
• It is easy to assume that
every culture socializes
children in the same
way. Studies of other
cultures, however,
show that children are
socialized differently
depending on the
culture they are brought
up in.
• It is easy to assume that every culture
socializes children in the same way.
– 句型：It is easy to do sth. ，其中it是形式主
语，to do sth.是真正主语。
– assume后接that引导的宾语从句
• assume: v. to accept something to be true
without question or proof
e.g.
• [ + ( that ) ] I assumed (that) you knew each
other because you went to the same school.
• Let's assume (that) they're coming and make
plans on that basis.
• [ + to infinitive ] We can't assume the
suspects to be guilty simply because they've
decided to remain silent.
• socialize the children in the same way
– socialize: v. to train people or animals to
behave in a way that others in the group
think is suitable e.g.
Here at the special school we make every
effort to socialize these young offenders.
– in the same way以同样的方式
in the way of/ in … way 以……方式
• Studies of other cultures, however, show
that children are socialized differently
depending on the culture they are brought
up in.
– however adv. 然而 I thought those figures were
correct. However, I have recently heard they
were not. 我原以为那些数字正确无误。不过我最近
听说并不正确。
– that引导宾语从句，其中depending on …是现代分词
短语作状语
– 在宾语从句中they are brought up in为定语从句，修
饰culture
• depend on: to be decided by or to
change according to the stated thing
e.g.
– Whether or not we go to Spain for our
holiday depends on the cost.
– It all depends on whether she like the boss
or not. 一切都取决于她喜欢还是不喜欢这个
老板。
– All living things depend on the sun for
their growth. 万物生长靠太阳。
• bring (brought, brought) sb up: to care
for a child until it is an adult, often
giving it particular beliefs e.g.
– She was brought up by her grandmother.
– They brought her up (as/to be) a Catholic.
• 我们很容易主观认为，各文化均以同等方
式将儿童社会化，可关于其他文化的研究
却表明，根据儿童成长的文化，儿童的社
会化方式有所不同。
Para. 2
• A study of 6-to 11-year-old children in six
farming communities in the United States,
Kenya, Okinawa, northern India, the
Philippines, and Mexico is a good example of
these studies. Beatrice and John Whiting
(1975) found a big difference between the
types of household chores that children
were expected to do in these cultures. More
importantly, they found that parental
expectations about work around the house
were an important part of children’s
socialization.
• A study of 6-to 11-year-old children in
six farming communities in the United
States, Kenya, Okinawa, northern
India, the Philippines, and Mexico is a
good example of these studies.
– 基本结构：A study of… is a good
example…
– farming communities 农业社会
– … is a good example of…举例
• community: n. the people living in one
particular area or people who are
considered as a unit because of their
common interests, social group or
nationality 社群，共同体，社会
• E.g.
– local community
– farming community
– There's a large black/white community
living in this area.
• Beatrice and John Whiting (1975)
found a big difference between the
types of household chores that
children were expected to do in these
cultures.
– Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) 中，
1975是研究发表的时间
– that children were expected to do 定语从句
– household chores
– be expected to do sth. e.g.
• Household: n. a group of people, often
a family, who live together e.g.
– household expenses
– a household name
• Chore: n. a job or piece of work which
is often boring or unpleasant but needs
to be done regularly e.g.
– I'll go shopping when I've done my chores.
– I find writing reports a real chore .
• expect sb to do: to think that someone
should behave in a particular way or
do a particular thing e.g.
– Borrowers are expected to (= should)
return books on time.
– Teachers are expected to be well
prepared for every lesson.
• More importantly, they found that
parental expectations about work
around the house were an important
part of children’s socialization.
–
–
–
–
more importantly 更为重要的是
parental expectations about… 父母的期望
work around the house 家务
socialization n. 社会化
• expectation: n. when you expect good
things to happen in the future e.g.
– I have high expectations for this job.
– We did so well - beyond all our
expectations.
– She ate a light lunch in expectation of a
good dinner. 她午饭吃得很少，期待晚饭时
饱餐一顿。
socialization theory
• The term socialization is used to refer to the
process of inheriting norms, customs and
ideologies.
• It may provide the individual with the skills
and habits necessary for participating within
their own society; a society itself is formed
through a plurality of shared norms,
customs, values, traditions, social roles,
symbols and languages.
• Socialization is thus ‘the means by which
social and cultural continuity are attained’.
• 某一针对美国、肯尼亚、冲绳、北印度、
菲律宾和墨西哥这六大农业社会中6至11岁
儿童开展的调研就是此类研究中一个绝佳
的例子。毕崔斯和约翰·怀廷（1975）发现，
这些文化期待儿童完成的家务劳动类型有
很大差异。更为重要的是，他们发现，父
母对于家务活的期望是子女社会化的一个
重要部分。
• Where children were expected to
take care of other younger children
and do chores that helped the whole
household (as in the Kenyan and
Mexican communities studied), they
quickly learned to be responsible and
caring toward others. In communities
like the one studied in the United
States, where children were only
expected to do chores such as
cleaning their rooms and picking up
toys, they were less likely to develop
these traits at an early stage.
• Of course, not every family in the
particular culture socializes their
children in exactly the same way—and
this would be true of expectations
about household chores also.
Nevertheless, many cross-cultural
differences in socialization have been
identified by researchers.
• Where children were expected to take care
of other younger children and do chores that
helped the whole household (as in the
Kenyan and Mexican communities studied),
they quickly learned to be responsible and
caring toward others.
• 句子结构：where引导地点状语，主句为they
quickly learn …
• 状语从句中有一个that引导的定语从句修饰
chores
• take care of other younger children 照
顾弟弟妹妹
– take care of 照顾
– take care 保重
• do chores 做家务
• the whole household (n.) 全家，全家人
• responsible adj.有责任的,负责的 e.g.
Who‘s responsible for the terrible
mess? 谁应该对这种混乱负责？
• caring adj. 关爱的 The solicitude of
the caring husband for his wife made
her feel unhappy. 那位体贴的丈夫对妻
子的关怀使她感觉很不高兴。
• In communities like the one studied in the
United States, where children were only
expected to do chores such as cleaning
their rooms and picking up toys, they were
less likely to develop these traits at an early
stage.
– 句子结构：in communities…为地点状语，其中
where是非限定性定语从句，主句they were less
likely to do sth.
– these traits在此处指上文出现过的reponsible and
caring
• communities like the one studied in the
United States:
– the one代替community，studied是过去分
词修饰the one,被动关系。
• where children were only expected to do
chores such as cleaning their rooms and
picking up toys
– such as 比如说
– pick up 捡起，拾起 e.g
She picked up a valuable first edition at a village
book sale. 她在乡村图书展销会上买到一本珍贵的首
版书。
The children have picked up the local accent. 孩
子都学会了当地口音了。
– toy n. 玩具 e.g. a toy car 玩具车
• they were less likely to develop these
traits at an early stage
• 本句是比较结构，less likely后面省略了
than the first group of children
– be likely to
– develop a trait
– at an early stage 很早
• likely: adj. describes something that
will probably happen or is expected
• be likely to do sth. 可能
• E.g. Do remind me because I'm likely
to forget.
• I suppose that might happen but it's
not very likely.
• trait: n. a particular characteristic that
can produce a particular type of
behavior
• E.g. His sense of humour is one of his
better traits.
• at an early stage: 早期
• stage n. 阶段
• e.g. The project is in its final stages
and should be completed by August.
•
Our marriage is going through a
difficult stage at the moment.
• Of course, not every family in the
particular culture socializes their
children in exactly the same way—and
this would be true of expectations
about household chores also.
– not every 部分否定
– socialize their children in exaclty the same
way
– this would be true of…
also, too, either, as well用法
• too 和 as well 多用于口语中，语气较轻，
通常用于肯定句，且通常放在句末。如：I
like you too [as well]. 我也喜欢你。
• too 有时也紧跟在主语后。如：I, too,
know where he lives. 我也知道他住在什
么地方。
• 在 Me too, You too这类简略答语中，通常
不用 as well或also。如：
• A：I’m tired. 我累了。
• B：Me too. 我也是
• also 比 too 和 as well 正式，一般也不用于否定
句，它在句中的位置通常是紧靠动词，即放在行
为动词之前，特殊动词之后。有时为了强调也放
在句末(但不常见)。如：
– He also came. / He came also. 他也来了。
– She is young and beautiful，and also rich. 她年轻
漂亮，而且有钱。
• either(也)通常只用于否定句，且要放在句末。如：
– I don’t know, either. 我也不知道。
– He hasn’t finished it, either. 他也还没有做完。
• We won't go to the cinema next
Saturday. They won't____.
A. too B. also C. neither D. either
D
• He didn't know her address, ____ did I.
A. too B. also C. either D. neither D
• Nevertheless, many cross-cultural
differences in socialization have been
identified by researchers.
– Nevertheless: adv. despite what has just
been said or referred to e.g.
I knew a lot about the subject already, but
her talk was interesting nevertheless.
She was very tired, nevertheless she kept
on working.
• be identified by researchers
• identify v. 识别,认明,鉴定
– Can you identify your umbrella among this
lot? 你能在这些伞中认出你自己的伞吗？
– One can not identify happiness with
wealth. 幸福和财富不能混为一谈。
– She identified that the man was her
attacker. 她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。
• 在期待子女照顾其他更为年幼的孩子、帮助全家
人做家务活（比如研究涉及的肯尼亚和墨西哥社
区）的文化中，他们的孩子很快就学会了对其他
人负责并付出关爱。在类似研究涉及的美国社区
中，只期待儿童做诸如打扫自己的房间、收拾玩
具等事情，这些孩子在某一早期年龄段发展上述
特点的可能性较小。当然，在特定文化中并非所
有家庭都以同样的方式对儿童进行社会化——关
于家务劳动的期望也同样如此。但是，研究人员
已经发现在社会化方面存在许多跨文化差异。
Para 3
• Other evidence of these differences in
socialization practices comes from a study
of how traditional Vietnamese and Chinese
socialize their children (Dillard 1987). In
these families, the needs of the group are
seen as more important than the needs of
the individual, and so children learn that
their first responsibility is to their parents
rather than to themselves. For example,
many children work hard at school so that
their parents will be proud of them.
• Other evidence of these differences in
socialization practices comes from a
study of how traditional Vietnamese
and Chinese socialize their children
(Dillard 1987).
– evidence n. 证据
– socialization practices
– Vietnamese n. 越南人
• In these families, the needs of the
group are seen as more important than
the needs of the individual, and so
children learn that their first
responsibility is to their parents rather
than to themselves.
– more important than 比较级
– individual
• Individual: n. a single person or thing,
especially when compared to the
group or set to which they belong
• E.g. Every individual has rights which
must never be taken away.
•
We try to treat our students as
individuals.
• their first responsibility is to their parents
rather than to themselves
– One’s first responsibility is to… 首先为……负责
– rather than用作连词，相当于but not，意为“而不”、
“不是……(而是)”、“与其……(不如)”，前后连接的
成分应该是平行的。如：
– He is a writer rather than a teacher. 与其说他是教
师还不如说他是作家。
– You are doing this for yourself rather than for
others. 你做这件事不是为别人而是为你自己。
– It was what he meant rather than what he said. 这
是他的意思，而不是他说的话。
• For example, many children work hard at
school so that their parents will be proud of
them.
– work hard at school 努力学习
– be proud of: feeling pleasure and satisfaction
because you or people connected with you have
done or got something good e.g.
You must be very proud of your son.
[ + to infinitive ] I'm very proud to have been
involved in this project.
[ + ( that ) ] I was so proud (that) my son had been
chosen for the national team.
• 在社会化实践方面的这些差异还有一个证
据，它来自一项关于传统越南人和中国人
如何对子女进行社会化的研究（Dillard
1987）。在这些家庭中，群体的需求被视
为比个人需求更为重要，因此儿童便学会
首先要对父母而非自己负责。例如，许多
孩童在校努力学习以期自己的父母能为之
而自豪。
Comprehension
Questions
1. We can infer the best way to
understand “socialize” in Line 1 is
______________.
A. to place under group control
B. to become sociable
C. to take part in social activities
D. to convert or adapt to the needs of
society
It is easy to assume that every culture
socializes children in the same way.
2. In the first sentence of paragraph 2,
what does “these studies” refer to?
A. the studies of the six countries
B. the studies of farming communities
C. the studies of 6-to 11-year-old children
D. the studies of different influence of
culture on children’s growth
Studies of other cultures, however, show that
children are socialized differently depending on
the culture they are brought up in. A study of …
a good example of these studies.
3. Which of the following is NOT a finding of
Beatrice and John Whiting study?
A. In these cultures, children are expected to
take up different type of housework.
B. In these cultures, what the parents expect the
children to do has an impact on the children’s
socialization.
C. Children in Kenyan communities learned to be
responsible and caring to others later than in
USA.
D. The cross-cultural differences socialize the
children differently.
• Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) found a big
difference between the types of household
chores that children were expected to do in
these cultures. More importantly, they found
that parental expectations about work
around the house were an important part of
children’s socialization. In communities like
the one studied in the United States, where
children were only expected to do chores
such as cleaning their rooms and picking up
toys, they were less likely to develop these
traits at an early stage. Nevertheless, many
cross-cultural differences in socialization
have been identified by researchers.
4. The best interpretation of the sentence “not
every family in a particular culture
socializes their children in exactly the same
way” is that ____________.
A. in the same culture, parents can have different
ways to bring up the children
B. in the same culture, children are encouraged
to grow up according to the same social
values
C. in the same culture, no two families would
bring up their children in the same way
D. in the same culture, parents always want their
children to be different from the others
5. We can infer from the study of how
traditional Vietnamese and Chinese
socialize their children that
_________________________.
A. the children want to succeed mainly because
they want to glorify their families
B. the children attach more importance to their
own needs rather than their families
C. the children would never sacrifice their future
for the family
D. thefamilies,
children
challenge
their
In these
thewould
needs never
of the group
are seen
as more
parents’
authority
important
than the
needs of the individual, and so children
learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather
than to themselves. For example, many children work hard
at school so that their parents will be proud of them.
I. Conversation
1. — Pardon me, Madam. Can you tell me
how to get to the nearest bank?
— ________________________.
A. No, don’t ask that.
B. Sure, that’s the nearest way.
C. Sorry, I’m a stranger here.
D. No, you’re driving too fast.
2. — Madam, do all the buses go
downtown?
— ___________________.
A. Sorry, I’m new here.
B. Pretty well, I assume.
C. No, never mind.
D. Wow, you got it.
3. — Good morning, sir. Can I help you?
— _________________.
A. Yes, why not?
B. Yes, is there a bank near here?
C. Are you kidding?
D. You are welcome!
4. — Excuse me, could you tell me the
way to the Art museum?
— _____________. Oh yes! Two blocks
away from here at the Green Avenue.
A. I beg your pardon?
B. You’re welcome!
C. What do you mean?
D. Mm, let me see.
5. — Excuse me, where can I buy a film
for my camera?
— _______________. There is one
opposite the post office.
A. At the chemist’s.
B. What do you want?
C. Never mind.
D. Pretty good.
II. Reading Comprehension
• Just as the degree of individual
freedom in America seems loose and
therefore uncomfortable to many
visitors, in many countries, people will
tell you what they think you want to
hear, whether or not it is true. To them,
this is the polite thing to do.
• To Americans it is considered
confusing — even dishonest — to
avoid telling the truth, even if the only
purpose is to be polite. It is helpful to
remember that different cultures
consider some matters more important
than others. For Americans, however,
trust and truth are most important.
One of the worst things that can be
said about someone in America is that
“you cannot trust him.”
• Considering such differences in values
among many cultures of the world, it is
natural that misunderstandings occur.
“How far is it to the next town?” an
American asks a man standing by the
road. In some countries , because the
man realizes the traveler is tired and
eager to reach the next village, he will
politely say, “Just down the road”.
• He thinks this is more encouraging,
gentler, and therefore the answer the
traveler wants to hear. So the
American drives alone for many more
hours before he comes to the village.
The traveler is angry, with a feeling of
being fooled. He thinks that the man
has lied to him on purpose because he
must have known quite well what the
distance was.
• If a visitor to the United States asked an
American standing by the road how far the
next town was, the American would think it
dishonest if he said it was near when he
knew it was really 24 miles away. Although
he, too, would be sympathetic with the tired
traveler, he would say, “You have a long way
to go yet; it is at least 24 miles more.” The
traveler might be disappointed , but he
would know what to expect, and there would
be no misunderstanding.
1. People in other cultures choose not to
tell the truth to the visitors because
_______________.
A. they try to confuse the visitors
B. they consider it comfortable
C. they try to be polite
D. they consider it helpful
P2: In some countries , because the man realizes
the traveler is tired and eager to reach the next
village, he will politely say, “Just down the road”.
2. Americans insist on telling the truth
because __________________.
A. they don’t mind confusing people
B. they are not considerate
C. they are not polite
D. they value trust and truth
P1: It is helpful to remember that different cultures
consider some matters more important than others.
For Americans, however, trust and truth are most
important.
3. In paragraph 2, the misunderstanding
occurs because ____________________.
A. the man standing by the road doesn’t know
where the American is going
B. the man standing by the road is dishonest and
lied to the American
C. the man standing by the road wants to
encourage the American
D. the man standing by the road knows the
shortest
way
to “Just
the village
P2:he
will politely
say,
down the road”. He thinks
this is more encouraging, gentler, and therefore the
answer the traveler wants to hear. So the American
drives alone for many more hours before he comes to
the village.
4. We can infer from paragraph 3 that
____________________.
A. the American has no idea about how
tired the traveler is
B. the American considers honesty
important
C. the American wants to disappoint the
traveler
D. the American knows what the traveler
If a visitor to the United States asked an American standing
wants
by the road
howtofarhear
the next town was, the American would
think it dishonest if he said it was near when he knew it was
really 24 miles away.
5. What is the writer’s attitude toward the
different cultures?
A. The writer thinks it natural for people in
different cultures to misunderstand each
other.
B. The writer thinks American culture better than
many cultures of the world.
C. The writer thinks American culture worse than
many cultures of the world.
D. The writer thinks people will always get
confused
withsuch
the cultural
differences.
P1:
Considering
differences
in values among
many cultures of the world, it is natural that
misunderstandings occur.
III. Vocabulary and Structure
•
•
1. This is a tough job. But I believe if
you try your best, you can _______ it.
A. take
B. keep C. make D. hold
•
•
•
2. I feel puzzled and ________. What
on earth does he want with me?
A. upset B. excited
C. comfortable D. joyful
•
•
•
3. It's not urgent; we can do it next
week or ___________.
A. whatever
B. whichever
C. wherever
D. whenever
• 4. Smoke less everyday, then you
might be able to quit ___________ for
good.
• A. smoke B. smoking
• C. to smoke D. smoked
• 5. This work is terrific, and you
gentlemen should not adopt a ________
attitude towards it.
• A. careful B. cautious
• C. casual D. capable
• 6. It’s no big ________ that his car is
more expensive than mine.
• A. deal B. event C. thing D. stuff
• 7. It is harder to marry a daughter well
than to ______ her ______ well.
• A. bring… down B. bring…in
• C. bring… about D. bring… up
• 8. We can’t act on your advice.
_____________, thank you for giving it.
• A. Moreover
B. Nevertheless
• C. Therefore
D. After all
• 9. She ___________ to enjoy the party if
she hadn't been very busy.
• A. would come
• B. would have come
• C. will have come
• D. should come
• 10. The leader ordered that the task
_________ as soon as possible.
• A. to be finished B. finish
• C. be finished
D. finished
IV. Cloze
• Not everyone in the world requires the
same amount of living space. The
amount of space a person needs
around him is a cultural difference, not
an economic one. Knowing your own
psychological (心理的) space needs is
important because they ___1___ affect
your choices, including, for example,
the ___2___ of bedrooms in the home.
• If you ___3____ in a two-child family and
___4___ you and your sister or brother
had your own bedrooms, the chances
are, if you have two children or more,
that you also will ___5___ separate
bedrooms for them.
• In America, for example, they train
people to want to have their own
rooms by giving them their own rooms
when they are babies. This is very
___6___ in the world. In many other
countries, the baby sleeps in the
___7___ bed with his parents or in bed
near them.
• The space in the home also shows a lot
about psychological space needs.
Some families gather closer to one
another and the size of their house has
___8___ to do with it. Others have
separate little corners where family
members go to bed alone.
• Although it is true that psychological
space needs are not decided by
economic reasons, they ___9___ have
to be changed a little because of
economic ___10___. It is almost
impossible, however, to completely
change your psychological space
needs.
• Not everyone in the world requires the same
amount of living space. The amount of space a
person needs around him is a cultural
difference, not an economic one. Knowing your
own psychological (心理的) space needs is
important because they ___1___ affect your
choices, including, for example, the ___2___ of
bedrooms in the home.
• 1. A. hardly B. strongly C. only D. highly
• 2. A. number B. amount C. quantity D. quality
• If you ___3____ in a two-child family and
___4___ you and your sister or brother had
your own bedrooms, the chances are, if you
have two children or more, that you also will
___5___ separate bedrooms for them.
• 3. A. bring up
B. brought up
•
C. were brought up D. had brought up
• 4. A. neither B. no one C. none D. both
• 5. A. give
B. share C. presentD. offer
• In America, for example, they train people
to want to have their own rooms by giving
them their own rooms when they are babies.
This is very ___6___ in the world. In many
other countries, the baby sleeps in the
___7___ bed with his parents or in bed near
them.
• 6. A. hard
B. rare
C. seldom D. usual
• 7. A. single B. one
C. same D. similar
• The space in the home also shows a lot
about psychological space needs.
Some families gather closer to one
another and the size of their house has
___8___ to do with it. Others have
separate little corners where family
members go to bed alone.
• 8. A. something B. anything
•
C. nothing
D. everything
•
•
•
•
•
Although it is true that psychological
space needs are not decided by economic
reasons, they ___9___ have to be changed a
little because of economic ___10___. It is
almost impossible, however, to completely
change your psychological space needs.
9. A. sometimes B. sometime
C. some time
D. some times
10. A. tension
B. condition
C. influence
D. pressure
V. Translation: Put the following
sentences into Chinese.
•
1. It is easy to assume that every
culture socializes children in the
same way.
很容易认为每个文化对儿童社会化的方式都相同。
•
2. A study of 6-to 11-year-old children
in six farming communities in the
United States, Kenya, Okinawa,
northern India, the Philippines, and
Mexico is a good example of these
studies.
在这类研究中有一个合适的例子，该研
究在美国、肯尼亚、冲绳、北印度、菲
律宾和墨西哥等六个农业社会对6至11岁
儿童开展。
•
3. More importantly, they found that
parental expectations about work
around the house were an important
part of children’s socialization.
更重要的是，他们发现父母对家务劳动
的期望是儿童社会化过程的重要部分。
•
4. Not every family in the particular
culture socializes their children in
exactly the same way—and this
would be true of expectations about
household chores also.
在特定文化中并非所有家庭都以同样
的方式对儿童进行社会化——关于家
务劳动的期望也同样如此。
•
5. In these families, the needs of the
group are seen as more important
than the needs of the individual, and
so children learn that their first
responsibility is to their parents
rather than to themselves.
在这些家庭中，群体的需求被视为比个人需
求更为重要，因此儿童学习到这样一点：他
们首先要为父母而非自己负责。
VI. Writing
• You are required to write a composition on
the topic “Communicating Effectively Across
Cultures” with no less than 80 words based
on the outline given below.
• 全球化(globalization)时代不同文化之间的交流
日益频繁；
• 文化差异导致误解的出现；
• 如何克服误解有效交流。
Sample
• As the result of globalization,
communication across cultures is
getting more and more frequent.
• Cultural differences may lead to
misunderstanding. For example, most
Americans are used to being on time,
while in some other cultures people
don’t mind being late. Knowing nothing
of the other culture, people may find the
other strange or ill-mannered.
• To communicate effectively across
cultures, we should be positive.
Remember there are different ways of
thinking and living, and we need to
respect those different from our own.
In addition, we’d better learn about
habits and customs in other cultures to
avoid misunderstanding.
Additional Information
• Globalization
• Globalization (or globalisation) describes an
ongoing process by which regional
economies, societies, and cultures have
become integrated through a globespanning network of communication and
execution.
• The term is sometimes used to refer
specifically to economic globalization: the
integration of national economies into the
international economy through trade,
foreign direct investment, capital flows,
migration, and the spread of technology.
• However, globalisation is usually
recognized as being driven by a
combination of economic,
technological, sociocultural, political,
and biological factors. The term can
also refer to the transnational
circulation of ideas, languages, or
popular culture through acculturation.
• Culture is defined as patterns of
human activity and the symbols that
give these activities significance.
Culture is what people eat, how they
dress, beliefs they hold, and activities
they practice. Globalization has joined
different cultures and made it into
something different.
• One classic culture aspect is food. Someone
in America can be eating Japanese noodles
for lunch while someone in Sydney, Australia
is eating classic Italian meatballs. India is
known for its curry and exotic spices.
France is known for its cheeses. America is
known for its burgers and fries. McDonalds
is an American company which is now a
global enterprise with 31,000 locations
worldwide. This company is just one
example of food causing cultural influence
on the global scale.
• Another common practice brought
about by globalization is the usage of
Chinese symbol in tattoos. These
tattoos are popular with today’s youth
despite the lack of social acceptance
of tattoos in China. Also, there is a lack
of comprehension in the meaning of
Chinese characters that people get,
making this an example of cultural
appropriation.
• The internet breaks down cultural
boundaries across the world by enabling
easy, near-instantaneous communication
between people anywhere in a variety of
digital forms and media. The Internet is
associated with the process of cultural
globalization because it allows interaction
and communication between people with
very different lifestyles and from very
different cultures. Photo sharing websites
allow interaction even where language
would otherwise be a barrier.
Anti-globalization
• The "anti-globalization movement" is a
term used to describe the political
group who oppose the neoliberal
version of globalization, while
criticisms of globalization are some of
the reasons used to justify this group's
stance.
Additional Information
• Western Culture vs Eastern Culture
Culture
• Culture (from the Latin cultura
stemming from colere, meaning "to
cultivate") is a term that has different
meanings.
• most commonly used in three basic
senses:
– Excellence of taste in the fine arts and
humanities, also known as high culture
– An integrated pattern of human
knowledge, belief, and behavior that
depends upon the capacity for symbolic
thought and social learning
– The set of shared attitudes, values, goals,
and practices that characterizes an
institution, organization or group
West vs East
• The division between "East" and
"West" is a product of European
cultural history
• With the European colonization of the
Americas the East/West distinction
became global.
• During the Cold War, the term
"Eastern world" was sometimes used
as an extension of Eastern bloc,
connoting the Soviet Union, China and
their communist allies, while the term
"Western world" often connoted the
United States and its NATO allies such
as the United Kingdom and France.
Western Culture
• Western culture (sometimes equated
with Western civilization or European
civilization) refers to cultures of
European origin. However, the idea
that all European countries belong to
the Western culture is refused by the
majority of Western scholars of social
sciences.
• The term "Western culture" is used
very broadly to refer to a heritage of
social norms, ethical values,
traditional customs, religious beliefs,
political systems, and specific artifacts
and technologies.
• Elements of Western culture have had
a very influential role on other cultures
worldwide. People of many cultures,
both Western and non-Western,
equate modernization (adoption of
technological progress) with
westernization (adoption of Western
culture).
Eastern culture
• The term Eastern world refers very
broadly to the various cultures, social
structures and philosophical systems
of "the East", namely Asia and Eastern
Europe.
• Eastern culture has developed many
themes and traditions (e.g. East Asia,
Indian, Middle East, etc.).
• East Asia is usually thought to consist of
China, Japan, and Korea. The dominant
influence historically has been China,
though in modern times, cultural exchange
has flowed more bi-directionally. Major
characteristics of this region include shared
Chinese-derived language characteristics,
as well as shared religion, especially
Buddhism and Taoism. There is also a
shared social and moral philosophy derived
from Confucianism.
Culture Shock
• Culture shock refers to the anxiety and
feelings (of surprise, disorientation,
uncertainty, confusion, etc.) felt when
people have to operate within a different and
unknown cultural or social environment
after leaving everything familiar behind and
they have to find their way in a new culture
that has a different way of life and a different
mindset such as in a foreign country.