Transcript Chapter 19 Haulage and Off

Accident Prevention Manual
for Business & Industry:
Engineering & Technology
13th edition
National Safety Council
Compiled by
Dr. S.D. Allen Iske, Associate Professor
University of Central Missouri
CHAPTER 19
HauLAGE AND OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT
General Requirements
• The use of heavy-duty trucks, mobile cranes, tractors,
bulldozers and other motorized equipment always
presents the possibility of accidents.
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Workers near equipment can be injured or killed, and
equipment may slip over embankments.
Personnel who service and maintain equipment must recognize
the hazards involved with heavy-duty machines.
General Requirements (Cont.)
• Four basic components of safety related to haulage and
operation of off-road equipment:
1.
The working environment around the equipment or machine
2.
The machine itself
3.
The worker
4.
The work process
General Requirements (Cont.)
• Prevention of accidents related to heavy equipment use
requires:
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maintenance of safety features on equipment
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systematic equipment maintenance and repair
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trained operators
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trained repair and maintenance personnel
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trained employees
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well-planned work processes
Haul Roads
• Haul road recommendations:
• Both temporary and permanent roads are often too narrow to
accommodate heavy equipment and oncoming traffic, especially
at curves and fills.
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Make sure haul roads have enough space at curves so large trucks
do not need to cross the centerline of the road.
Bank all curves toward the outer roadside.
Regular patrolling and maintenance is required.
Provide members of road patrols with the proper tools to
communicate.
Haul Roads (Cont.)
• Seasonal conditions
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Different hazards associated with haul roads will arise as the
seasons change.
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Sprinkler trucks are useful against dust and other airborne hazards
during dry and windy periods.
Make sure snowplows or blade graders remove snow and ice as
promptly and completely as possible to prevent skidding.
Verify the stability of high banks near haul roads, especially after rain
and freezing or thawing weather.
Haul Roads (Cont.)
• Entry near public highways
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Install signs warning both highway traffic and other off-road
vehicles of the hazard.
Design, color, and placement should conform to the DOT’s
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and
Highways.
Ensure signs have light reflecting material for night operations.
Contact railroad representatives if temporary roads cross railroad
tracks.
Driver Qualifications and Training
• Only drivers who are qualified physically, mentally, and
by training and experience should operate it.
• Management must determine the knowledge,
experience, and abilities of a driver before he/she is
allowed to work.
• Time required to become acquainted with the equipment,
safety rules, driver reports, and emergency conditions
will vary.
Driver Qualifications
and Training (Cont.)
• Even experienced operators should not be permitted to
operate the equipment until the instructor or supervisor is
satisfied with their abilities.
• Thoroughly checking and training drivers is well
warranted.
•
Accidents caused by unsafe practices outnumber those
resulting from unsafe conditions of equipment and roadways.
Operating Vehicles Near Workers
• Backing—The “Crunch Zone”
• The most dangerous movement is backing.
• Policies should require drivers of vehicles not equipped with
backup alarms to signal with three horn blasts.
• The driver should ask another employee to signal whether the
path is clear before the vehicle is backed or moved.
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The person giving the signals should take position within the driver’s
sight.
Standard signals should be used to ensure proper
communication.
Operating Vehicles
Near Workers (Cont.)
• OSHA General Industry Standards 29 CFR 1910.269(p)(1)(ii)
require:
•
That no vehicular equipment with an obstructed view to the rear may be
operated on off-highway jobsites where any employee is exposed to the
hazards created by the moving vehicles unless;
a. The vehicle has a reverse signal alarm audible above the
surrounding noise level or
b. The vehicle is backed up only when a designated employee signals
it is safe to do so.
Operating Vehicles
Near Workers (Cont.)
• OSHA Construction Standards 29 CFR 1926.601(b)(4)
and 1926.602(a)(9) require:
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That all vehicles with restricted vision to the rear have an
automatic audible signaling device when a vehicle is backing,
unless the vehicle is backed only when an observer signals it is
safe.
Operating Vehicles
Near Workers (Cont.)
• Moving forward
• Serious accidents may occur during forward movements.
• The greater height and capacity of trucks increase the hazards to
workers.
• Drivers should be required to blow two horn blasts before moving
forward.
• Vehicles with attachments should position their attachments for
maximum visibility whenever moving their equipment.
Procedures for Dumping
• General safety
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properly trained drivers and signalers
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awareness of road conditions, edges, and weather conditions
graded slopes
drive at reduced speeds
floodlights for night operations
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Protective Frames
• All bulldozers, tractors, and similar equipment used in
clearing operations must be equipped with substantial
guards.
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shields, canopies, guards, and grills
• Crawlers, rubber-tired vehicles, and similar equipment
with steel canopies and safety belts
Protective Frames (Cont.)
• Canopy should be able to bear 2x the weight of the
prime mover.
•
based on ultimate strength of metal and integrated loading of
support members
• Canopy and its support need a vertical clearance of 52
in. for operators.
Protective Frames (Cont.)
Transportation of Workers
• Hazards are more likely to exist when transportation of
workers is infrequent.
•
Often a pickup, an open cargo truck not designed for
transporting personnel is used.
• It is not recommended to use such means of
transportation for employees.
• Use a bus or other vehicle designed for carrying
passengers.
Transportation of Workers
• When personnel must be transported in a vehicle not
designed to carry passengers, advise workers on the
following safety procedures:
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Provide a flat surface.
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Set the brake before boarding and exiting.
Never attempt to board or exit a moving vehicle.
Avoid horseplay.
Prohibit employees from riding on loads that may become
unstable.
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Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment
• Safe operation begins with machine purchase.
• Require safeguards such as gear guards, handholds, and slipresistant steps etc.
• Install necessary safety devices before use if necessary.
• To prevent situations where workers might become
caught in equipment erect barricades, utilize signs, and
other warning devices.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Instruct experienced and new operators and
maintenance personnel in manufacture-recommended
procedures pertaining to:
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lubrication
adjustments
repairs
operating practices
• Preventive maintenance is essential for safety and
efficiency.
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frequent, regular inspections, and prompt repairs
• Operators are responsible for inspecting mechanical
conditions.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Maintenance practices
• When maintenance is required on equipment operating in deep
excavations the operator is responsible for:
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setting the breaks.
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positioning the shovel in a safe position.
securing the boom.
lowering the dipper or bucket to the ground.
taking the machine out of gear.
exercising caution to prevent accidental movement.
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Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Maintenance practices (cont.)
• Maintenance personnel are responsible for:
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notifying the operator about the nature and location of the work to be
done.
locking out the controls if work is to be done on or near moving parts.
ensuring that only they can remove the applied lock.
making sure the machine is safe before inspecting equipment or
checking lubricant levels.
using a caution sign.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Maintenance practices (cont.)
• If parts must be in motion while employees are working on them
make sure that:
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they are turned slowly.
use a bar to guide rope being wound on drums.
turned by hand if possible.
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This applies particularly to work around gears, sheaves, and drums.
• If guards must be removed, the job cannot be considered complete
until the guards, plates, and other safety devices are replaced.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Operating practices
• Limit the height of banks when possible.
• Remove overhanging material.
• Avoid undercutting banks.
• Workers should notify operators before entering a dangerous
location.
• Operators should not overfill dippers.
• Operators should not swing a load over a vehicle nor load a truck
until the driver has dismounted.
• Practice good housekeeping around the shovel.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Grounding systems for powered equipment
• Proper protection from electrical quirks is vital to operation.
• A good grounding system should prevent electrical shock from
trailing cables or at the machine.
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Machine-to-ground fault resistance of 100 ohms and a current of 10
amps means an electrical shock hazard of about 1,000 volts.
70 to 200 mA through the body can result in death.
Ground systems may be made by driving copper-clad steel rods into
suitable soil for a distance of at least 8 ft.
Power Shovels, Cranes,
and Similar Equipment (Cont.)
• Grounding systems for powered equipment (cont.)
• Inspect circuit breakers and other devices in the grounding
system monthly.
• Regularly check ground rod resistance.
• Cable insulation should never be taped, but instead replaced.
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Workers should wear rubber gloves and insulated equipment for
handling trailing power cables.
Minimum wear and damage to trailing cables is important for
safety.
Mobile Cranes
• Operators should be selected on the basis of their
intelligence, stability, and willingness to follow
instructions.
• Operator overview:
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largely responsible for the safe condition of the crane and must
regularly inspect it
accountable for the safety of the oiler
bear a large measure of responsibility for preventing injuries to
hookers and riggers
duties limited to those essential for safe crane operation
Mobile Cranes (Cont.)
• General safety measures
• Load ratings should be clearly posted.
• Cranes should never be overloaded.
• Some of the most serious accidents are a result of overloading.
• Cranes should only be operated on level and stable
ground.
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Never use makeshift methods to increase capacity.
Mobile Cranes (Cont.)
• General safety measures (cont.)
• Test clutches before starting work and adjust clearances if
necessary.
• Boom stops are recommended for medium sized cranes.
• Avoid the sudden release of a load when the boom angle is high.
Mobile Cranes (Cont.)
• Working near power lines
• Consult with the power company to de-energize the line if
possible.
• Follow OSHA and local distance requirements from power lines.
• Generally the higher the voltage, the greater the required
operating distance.
Mobile Cranes (Cont.)
• Working near power lines (cont.)
Mobile Cranes (Cont.)
• Safe handling practices
1. Center the hook over the load.
2. Keep hands out of pinch points when holding the hook.
3. The hooker, rigger, and other personnel must be in the clear
before a load is lifted.
4. Tag lines should be used for guiding loads.
5. Hookers, riggers, and other personnel around cranes must keep
clear from boom and cab swing.
6. No load should be lifted or moved without a signal.
Graders, Bulldozers, and Scrapers
• Basic safety measures recommended for trucks also
apply to graders and other types of earth-moving
equipment.
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maintenance
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operator
scheduled
operator qualification
operating precautions
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• Maintenance
• Regularly inspect vital parts.
• Check wheel and engine-mount bolts.
• Avoid repairs while engine is running.
• Do not refuel when the engine is running.
• Utilize OSHA required restraining devices when inflating tires to
guard against a locking ring from blowing off.
• Block up the scraper bowl or dozer blade when changing cutting
edges.
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• General operating practices
• Operators must check all surrounding areas before moving and
be alert for foot traffic.
• Slow speed.
• Buckets and blades should be lowered before exiting the vehicle.
• Stop the engine when exiting.
• Step down from machines, do not jump.
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• Procedures on roadways
• Warn oncoming and outgoing traffic of danger ahead with barrier
signs at both ends of the road section under construction.
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1,500 ft from the starting point
Orange flags or markers should be fixed at the ends of blades and
other objects projecting 6 ft.
Affix slow-moving vehicle emblems at the rear.
Warning devices should be visible to oncoming traffic.
Use signal personnel where the working area is congested.
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
Graders,
Bulldozers,
and Scrapers
(Cont.)
• common signal
• personnel signage and
• communication
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• Coupling and towing equipment
• Secure all equipment being towed.
• Do not back up to couple a tractor without clearing the area.
• Set shift lever to neutral, set brakes, block the wheel before
coupling equipment.
• Use a scraper bowl safety latch, or safety bolt when towing a
scraper form one job to another.
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• Clearing work
• Bulldozers operating near low tree limbs should be equipped with
a heavy steel-mesh canopy.
• Provide PPE for the operator.
• Ensure that all workers are out of harm’s way before pushing over
any trees, bulldozing rock, and rolling logs.
• For trees, cut the roots on three sides and apply power from the
fourth side.
Graders, Bulldozers,
and Scrapers (Cont.)
• Special hazards
• Use caution when dozing down slopes.
• Never use a blade as a brake on a steep slope.
• Keep the blade close to the ground when traveling up a slope.
• Observe ground conditions near excavations.