M u c k r a c k e r s S u f f r a g e t t e s P o p u i l s t s T e m p e r a n c e M l i d.

c a s s W o m e n L a b o r U n i o n s R i g h t s l i C i v

Progressivism & the Protestant Spirit • Progressive ideals strong amongst young, Protestant,

middle class

Americans  Looking to fight the wrongs of society.

• Immorality and corruption really bothered them.

• Emphasized the simple duties of a good Christian could create a good society:

SOCIAL GOSPEL MOVEMENT

Aims of the Progressive Movement 1) Return control of the government back to the people.

2) Restore economic opportunities 3) Correct Injustices in American Life

Beginnings:

The Settlement House Movement/Hull House What purpose/services did they serve?

• Settlement Houses were determined to build a better future, short & long term.

• Strong belief that family was the key to moral development » Eliminate prostitution » Set up nursery for working moms » Taught banking » Provided local connections » Employment bureau » Education classes to function in society »  Helped get a law passed prohibiting child labor » Eliminate the root of all evil in society - alcohol  Helped get the 18 th Amendment passed

Step 1: Exposing the Evils: Muckrakers, Magazines, & Realism

Muckraker – Reform-minded writers (and those looking to make a profit) who first exposed social ills of the Gilded Age.

Ida Tarbell —exposed Standard Oil Practices Lincoln Steffens — exposed corruption in city gov’t with “Shame of the Cities” Jacob Riis —started the movement with “How the Other Half Lives”

Room in a tenement, 1910

Bottle Alley, Mulberry Road

Greek Children in Gotham Court

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

Step 1: Exposing the Evils: Muckrakers, Magazines, & Realism

Muckraker – Reform-minded writers (and those looking to make a profit) who first exposed social ills of the Gilded Age.

Ida Tarbell —exposed Standard Oil Practices Lincoln Steffens — exposed corruption in city gov’t with “Shame of the Cities” Jacob Riis —started the movement with “How the Other Half Lives”

Step 2: Political Action/Accomplishments

Urban &Workplace Reform: •

Tenement Act 1901

: public hallways must have lighting & one toilet must be provided for every 2 families •

Muller v. Oregon

: established 10-hour workday for women (1908) (Bunting v. Oregon (1917) upheld law for men)

Government Reform • Limits set on campaign spending • Established use of secret ballot • 17 th Amendment: voters, not state legislators, elected senators (1913) • Initiative, referendum, & recall -Initiative: voters can propose laws for legislature to consider -Referendum: voters can vote on recently passed law -Recall: voters can remove elected official from office w/ special election

Reforms Toward Social Justice • 18 th Amendment (1918): outlaws sale & distribution of alcohol (to right social & healthcare ills) • Mann Act (1910): prohibits interstate transport of women for immoral purpose (prostitution) • Women gain right to vote, state by state (nationally in 1920)

Women & Progressivism

Progressivism Moves to the White House: Theodore Roosevelt

“If you could kick the person in the pants responsible for most of your trouble, you wouldn't sit for a month.” - TR

Rise to Power

Family History – – Childhood obstacles Harvard education Political Resume – – – – – – 3 terms in NY State Assembly N.Y. City Police Commissioner Asst. Secretary of Navy Rough Riding President – American Hero N.Y. Governor  cleaned up Tammany Hall Vice President of the U.S. (McKinley)  President in 1901!!!

Progressivism Moves to the White House – Theodore Roosevelt

• 1902 PA Coal Miners Strike: – 150,000 coal miners went on strike – TR willing to arbitrate—mine owners refused – TR threatened to federalize PA coal mines if owners didn’t agree to settle the issues!



First time big government sided with the workers!

-workers got shorter day/higher pay owners didn’t have to recognize union

TRs Trust-busting • Upheld Sherman Anti-Trust Act (now 12 years old), which outlawed monopolies or trusts that

restrained trade

(broke up Northern Securities Company, a RR shipping business, and Standard Oil) •Supported Elkins Act (outlawed unfair RR rebates to big businesses) and Hepburn Act (gave Interstate Commerce Commission power to set maximum RR rates)

TR’s Philosophy and 1904 Campaign Slogan

• TR promised workers, owners, and consumers a “

Square Deal:

”

1.Limit

trusts 2.Improve working conditions 3.Conserve U.S. lands 4.Promote public health/safety

Environmental Conservation

• Some historians believe this was TR’s lasting legacy: – Placed 230,000,000 acres under federal protection.

– Revitalized dry land under the Newlands Reclamation Act & est. U.S. Forestry Service.

TRs Promotion of Health and Public Safety • Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” prompted the Meat Inspection Act (required federal inspection of meat) and • Pure Food and Drug Act (forbade sale of food/medicine containing harmful ingredients) . . .

• Having selected Taft as his chosen “Progressive” successor, TR did what every president does upon leaving office . . .

The Taft Presidency • The Taft—The Reluctant President – Hand-picked by TR as his successor.

– Helped establish the

Department of Labor

to oversee working regulations/conditions.

–

16 th amendment

establishing income tax passed.

– Did do some trust-busting and conservation legislation.

– BUT he passed the higher

Payne-Aldrich tariff

against his promises.

– AND he wasn’t quite as . . . boisterous/charming as TR 

Roosevelt Returns!!

• Fearful that his Republican Party is not “progressive enough,” Teddy returns to save the day!

• The Republicans, however, aren’t sure they want to be “saved” . . .

The Republican Party & President William H. Taft

Keep the Whistle Blowing

Taft was determined to defeat TR and preserve the conservative heart of the Republican Party.

Republican Party Platform

High import tariffs.

Put limitations on female and child labor.

Workman’s Compensation Laws.

Against initiative, referendum, and recall.

Against “bad” trusts.

Creation of a Federal Trade Commission.

Stay on the gold standard.

Conservation of natural resources because they are finite.

The Progressive Party & Former President Theodore Roosevelt

People should rise above their sectarian interests to promote the general good.

The Anti Third-Term Principle

The “Bull Moose” Party: The Latest Arrival at the Political Zoo

Progressive/Bull Moose Party Platform

Women’s suffrage.

Graduated income tax.

Inheritance tax for the rich.

Lower tariffs.

Limits on campaign spending.

Currency reform.

Minimum wage laws.

Social insurance.

Abolition of child labor.

Workmen’s compensation.

N e w N a t i o n a i l s m

The Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs

“The issue is Socialism versus Capitalism. I am for Socialism because I am for humanity.”

“The Working Class Candidates”

Eugene V. Debs Emil Seigel for President for Vice-President

Growth of the Socialist Vote

Year 1888 Socialist Party Socialist Labor Party 2,068 Total 2,068 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 96,931 223,494 408,230 331,043 424,488 607,674 13,704 21,512 30,020 36,275 82,204 33,405 53,763 33,546 20,265 14,021 34,115 13,704 21,512 30,020 36,274 82,204 130,336 277,257 441,776 351,308 438,509 641,789 901,873

The Industrial Worker

: I. W. W.

The first American labor group to open its membership to all wage-earning workers, regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or gender.

Socialist Party Platform

Government ownership of railroads and utilities.

Guaranteed income tax.

No tariffs.

8-hour work day.

Better housing.

Government inspection of factories.

Women’s suffrage.

The Democratic Party & Governor Woodrow Wilson (NJ)

Could he rescue the Democratic Party from “Bryanism”??

The Reform Governor of NJ:

It Takes Time to Remove the Grime

N e w F r e e d o m

Democratic Party Platform

Government control of the monopolies



trusts in general were bad



eliminate them!!

Tariff reduction.

One-term President.

Direct election of Senators.

Create a Department of Labor.

Strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

Did NOT support women’s suffrage.

Opposed to a central bank.

An Actual 1912 Ballot

GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory!

Election Results

By 1912, 100,000 fewer people had voted for Wilson than had voted for Bryan in 1908.

The 1912 election marked the highpoint of the Socialist movement in America.

The Wilson Presidency: New Freedom • Underwood Tariff of 1913 • Reduced tariff rates from 40% to 25% • Trust industries were targeted to foster competition and reduce rates • Federal Reserve Act • Strengthened the banking system by creating a central banking system • A return to the Bank of the United States • Created 12 district reserve banks • Placed a measure of restraint on Wall Street • 17 th Amendment – (1913) • Establishes direct election of senators

The Wilson Presidency: • Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 • Amended the Sherman Anti-trust Act monopoly.

 Prohibited companies from buying stock in competitor to achieve • Officially legalized strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing.

• Federal Trade Commission • Received broad power to investigate companies unfair trade practices • Designed to promote consumer protection • Could issue “cease and desist” orders • Other Progressive Reforms • Federal child labor law • Adamson eight-hour law for railroad workers • Non-Progressive in terms of Women & African Americans.