Transcript Clay

Development and Energy in Africa
Improved Woodfuel Saving
Technologies
(Stoves and Ovens)
(Tanzania Case Study)
Jensen Shuma (TaTEDO)
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Introduction
• Tanzania is endowed with energy resources but
more than 80 percent of the total energy used in
Tanzania is consumed in rural areas.
• Biomass, particularly wood-fuels constitutes
about 90 percent of total energy consumption.
• The overwhelming dependence on biomass
energy is greatly contributing to poverty and
environmental degradation.
• In an attempt to address this situation, different
development partners have continued to extend
their support to the energy sector.
• Unfortunately, the above initiatives are mostly
geared towards electricity provision with limited
efforts to improved cooking fuels from better
woodfuel management, stove efficiency and
transition to modern fuels.
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Case of Improved Woodfuel Saving Technologies
Background
• The Improved Woodfuel Saving Stoves,was
implemented from 1999 to 2003 by
TaTEDO.
• In the year 1992, TaTEDO modified
improved charcoal stove designs adapted
from the Energy 1 Project that was
implemented by the MEM from 1988 to
1992.
• One of the outputs of the adaptive research
of TaTEDO was the development of
charcoal ovens for baking and roasting
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• In order to promote these technologies,
TaTEDO created awareness and conducted
training for artisans on how to produce
improved charcoal stoves and for women on
how to bake using TaTEDO improved
charcoal ovens in 1999.
• To strengthen the capacity of providing
training services, TaTEDO established
workshops at
– Vingunguti (Sahara A group),
– TaTEDO main office in Kijitonyama
– the other workshop for producing ceramic parts of the same
products from clay soil was established at its field station
(nowadays called SEDI) at Goba.
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• High acceptability of the developed improved
charcoal stoves and ovens from users encouraged
TaTEDO to expand its activities to Kilimanjaro,
Coast, Shinyanga and Mwanza regions
• Through participatory adaptive research, improved
charcoal stoves and ovens were modified and
adopted to suit the requirements of communities.
• TaTEDO managed to develop a total of 12 prototypes
of stoves and 6 types of ovens.
• The thermal efficiency of these stoves and ovens
compared to the traditional ones has been raised to
between 30 and 40 percent.
• This implies that improved stoves can save
consumption of charcoal by 40 to 50 percent
compared to traditional charcoal stoves.
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• To address the problem of quality control
and further adoption of improved stoves,
TaTEDO introduced element of business
and market development for improved
woodfuel saving technologies (stoves and
ovens ),
• The objective of this business was to
produce and sell in large scale improved
woodfuel saving technologies such as
–
–
–
–
–
charcoal stoves,
charcoal ovens,
firewood stoves,
firewood ovens,
biowaste stoves, etc
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Methodology
• The impact study was carried out in different
stove production groups (workshops),
households and business enterprises which
benefited from TaTEDO initiatives.
• Information collection was conducted through
previous report reviews, consultations,
interviews, field observations, questionnaires,
meetings, etc
• All these methods focused mostly on
outcomes and impact of improved woodfuel
saving stoves and ovens from the target
population.
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Assessment Framework
• AF is a framework of evaluating impacts of
energy interventions in two stages
(designing and implementation)
• Objective
– The case study aims at testing and assessing
the performance of Assessment Framework
(AF)( whether it can give anticipated results)
– Get lessons of improving the this tool in order to
get a better ways of assessing the impacts of
energy interventions
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The Causal Chain for Improved Woodfuel Saving Technologies in Tanzania
Input
Raw Materials (clay liners, metal sheets, etc),
training materials and expertise, Artisans
Activities
Capacity building, adaptive research, market
development, production and sales
Employment
Output
Energy
Services
Sectors
Outcome
Effects
Impact
Clay Liners
Cooking
Households
Woodfuel
saving
Forest
conservation
Environment
Conservation
MDG7)
Woodfuel saving stoves
and ovens
Baking
Businesses
Time Saving
Reduced women
drudgery
Gender
equality
(MDG3)
Roasting
Social (Health and
Education)
Reduced indoor air
pollution
Reduced respiratory
diseases
the kitchen
Health
Improvement
(MDG 4, 5, 6)
Natural resources
Money saving
Income
generation
Poverty Reduction
(MDG1)
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The Result of the Case Study
• It was observed that some households
are still using open three stone stoves
with low thermal efficiency of 7-10
percent.
• In the urban areas, some households are
using metal charcoal stoves with low
thermal efficiency of between 10-15
percent widely used for cooking.
• All such low efficient stoves are also used
in social centres (schools, dispensary,
etc) and in small and medium enterprises
(beer brewing, bread baking, food
vending, etc).
• Only 45 percent of the households in Dar
es Salaam and 20 percent of households
in the countryside, have adopted
improved woodfuel saving stoves and
ovens.
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Impacts
• Income generation and Employment
– Production of improved woodfuel saving
stoves has been one way of generating
income and employment for trained artisans,
village technicians and women,
– more than 600 small entrepreneurs have
engaged in the production and selling of
efficient woodfuel stoves
– To energy related SMEs (food vending, beer
brewing, baking, meat roasting, etc), use of
improved fuelwood saving technologies
decreased the energy input costs by 45% and
move towards:
 Increased overall profitability, which means
more income is earned to the entrepreneurs;
 Increased viability of the enterprise and
subsequent more employment opportunities
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• Monetary Savings
– improved fuel-wood saving technologies
consume less wood simultaneously
generating enough heat, and thus less
money is spent in purchasing woodfuels.
– The average price of a bag of charcoal is
around Tshs. 20,000 and contains
normally 30kg charcoal.
– Annual amount of charcoal used by a
household with traditional charcoal
stoves is 1080 kg (36 bags) a year.
– The amount is significantly lower for
households using improved charcoal
stoves, which is 370 kg (12.4 bags) a
year
– Annual fuel cost savings per household
will be about Tshs. 118,000.
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• Time Savings
– Women and children are the main
suppliers of firewood accounting to
60% and 23% respectively;
– The average time and walking
distance for fetching and transporting
firewood in many areas is 4-5 hours
at a distance of 6 km.
– adoption of woodfuel saving stoves
has minimized the frequencies of
collecting woodfuels from 5 times to
less than 2 times per week
– The time gained is spent for other
family productive and social activities
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• Forest Conservation
– improved woodfuel saving stoves and ovens
have reduced quantity of woodfuel used in
household, social centres and SMEs.
– A household using three stones stove consumes
around 2880 kg/year of firewood.
– improved firewood stove consumption is around
1728 kg/year/household,
– annual saving is around 1152kg/household
(equivalent to more than 20 trees/year).
– For households using improved charcoal saving
stoves,
annual
charcoal
saving
is
10kg/household which is equivalent to around
60 trees compared to use of traditional metal
stove.
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• Health Improvements
– A better burning process in improved stoves
reduces the emission of smoke and associated
toxic gases (e.g. Carbon monoxide, Hydrocarbons,
Nitrous Oxides, Sulphur Oxides, etc).
– The quality air in the kitchen and households has
made more people to use more improved woodfuel
saving technologies (stoves and ovens) thereby
less exposure to indoor pollution and consequently
reduced respiratory diseases.
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• Gender Equality Improvements
– Women are responsible for collection of
woodfuels in rural and peri-urban areas,
– most of women’s time is spent in searching
firewood ,
– women are exposed to health hazards from
smoke and carbon dioxide and other poisonous
gases, generated by using inefficient stoves
– adoption of woodfuel saving stoves has
minimized the frequencies of collecting
woodfuels by less than 2 times per week.
– Improved woodfuel saving stoves have also
reduced the hazards of in-door air pollution by
reducing smoke in the kitchen.
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Lesson Learnt
• The following are some of lessons learnt:
– Need for baseline survey for conducting situational
analysis before project implementation.
– Need to incorporate the AF tool in the project
monitoring and evaluation systems,
– Need to determine appropriate time of assessing the
impact depending on the type of the project (three
years after implementation phase may not be enough
for other projects),
– The user (in the casual chain) should try to capture
intermediate results and outcomes. Otherwise, they
can be forgotten.
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Thank you for your
attention
TaTEDO, P. O. Box 32794, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tel: +225-22-2700438/2700771
Fax: +255-22-2774400
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.tatedo.org
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