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Scientific Writing: How to
Prepare Manuscript for
Publication
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jaroon Jakmunee
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Science
Chiang Mai University
Scientific Research
•Problem(s)
•Objective
•Hypothesis
•Experimental
design
•Perform
experiment
•Gather results
•Interpretation of
results
•conclusion
Report to Scientific
Community
•Report
•Thesis
•Journal paper
Manuscript Submit
to
Journal
Paper/articl Peer
e
review
Why is research performed?
To research:
•
To discover new thing
•
To solve problem(s)
•
To see what all people have
seen and to think what nobody
has thought
A.Szent Gyorgyi
Education and Teaching in Analytical Chemistry, by G.E. Baiuleseu,
C. Patroescu, R.A. Chalmers Ellis Horwood, Chicheser, 1982, p.63.
Input
Instrument/Apparatus/
Chemicals
Grant
Time
Knowledge/
Vision
Output
INNOVATION
-Proto type
-Knowledge
HUMAN RESOURCES
RESEARCH
-Logical
-Vision
PUBLICATION
-Journal
-Meeting/conference
PATENT
etc.,
STANDARD
Abstract
Introduction
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgements
Lab report
Senior project report,
Research project report
Paper in a journal
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Method
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Acknowledgements
Concise report
Informative but short
Raw (primary) data
process
Digested data
graph, table,
summarized form
Four questions of Scientific Writing:
1. What was the problem studied?
2. How did I study it?
3. What did I find?
4. What do the findings mean?
The Answers become the
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
The four parts of a scientific paper
Organization of a Scientific Article
General
Particular
General
Introduction: What was the
problem/topic studied?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Objectives:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Methods/Procedures: How did I study it?
In order to (do this), I (did this)
Subheading 1:
Subheading 2:
Subheading 3:
Subheading 4:
Results: What did I find?
Subheadings:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Discussion:
What does it mean?
Subheadings:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Conclusion
Objectives a.-d.:
Why publish in international
peer-reviewed journal?
“A naturalist’s life would be a happy one if he
only had to observe and never write”
Charles Darwin
Scientists must not only
DO science, they must also
WRITE about science.
Good scientific writing does not lead to the
publication of poor science. Poor writing does,
however,delay the publication of good science.
Scientists become known or remain unknown
through their publication.
The first publication of original
research results in a form
whereby peers of the author can
repeat the experiments and test
the conclusions in a journal or
other source document readily
available within the scientific
community
•Novelty (New findings)
Highlight, claim
•Correctness of scientific discussion
•High impact / advantages
•Good story, easy to follow, concise
•Good English language
• To prepare manuscripts that have a high
probability of being accepted for publication.
• To be completely understood when they are
published.
• To write a scientific paper, we must know WHAT
to do and WHY we do it.
• Preparing a scientific paper is not a literary skill, it
is ORGANIZATION.
Types of Articles Appearing in Journals
1. research paper (8-10 pp.)
2. review articles (20-30 pp.)
3. commentaries (1-2 pp.)
See journal
website for
Author
Guidelines
4. reviews [individual books or software (<1-2 pp.);
comparative reviews (2-3 pp.)]
5. working papers (1-2 pp.)
Concise
Keywords
Put sequence of keywords
Novelty
What?
Why?
How?
!!!
•Title:
concise but show the image of the manuscript
•Authors:
Name(s) & Address(es)
Corresponding author
•Abstract:
the last part to be written
•Introduction:
Review literatures,
why this work to be investigated?
•Experimental part:
Methodology
•Results:
Digested results; one form to present the results
(e.g. not present both graph and table)
•Discussion:
Correlation of the observation in the results.
Using theory to support the observation.
•Conclusion:
very short
Concept:
• Theme of the work
Make a good story!
Think and put in your own language.
• Put topics and subtopics as many as you can
of your manuscript.
scope
• Consider the language after having your good story.
Draft 1
Draft 2
Draft 3
Draft 4
Draft 5
Draft 6
Draft 7
Some more remarks
• “aging” of manuscript helps
• pre-submission reviews
Hint
Titles
Too short?
Rarely
Too long?
Avoid “waste words”
“Studies on.…”
“Investigations of… ”
“Observations on. ..”
•The fewest possible words that adequately
describe the contents of the paper
A title is a label
Not a sentence
Title
• Specific
– “Actions of antibiotics on bacteria”
• Short but tells us little
– “Preliminary observations on the effect of
certain antibiotics on various species of
bacteria”
• Longer but tells us no more
– “Action of streptomycin on Mycobactrium
tuberculosis”
• Better, but still too general
– “Inhibition of growth of Mycobactrium
tuberculosis by streptomycin”
Authors and addresses
• Order of names
• No universal agreement
• Most popular is listing in order of
seniority (in relation to the study)
• First author should be the one who did
most or all of the research
• Subsequent authors should be in order
of importance to the study
Introduction
•A description of what you did
•Goes from general to specific
•Presents the nature and scope of the problem
•Indicates how this study fits into the problem
•Reviews pertinent literature
•Present goal/objectives of study and paper
Materials and Methods
•A description of how you did it
•Add Subheadings for approaches used
•in outlining use: “In order to do/determine
………..,I did………..”
•Give copy of methods to colleagues, asking
whether they could repeat the experiment based
on what is written
Results
• A description of what you found in your experiments
• Separate facts from inferences
• Present results in a logical sequence that
corresponds to objectives
• Best if short difficulties of repetitive data in Tables
and figures
• Do not include material that does not relate to
objectives
Figures or Tables?
Exact numerical values (Tables)
•Trends (Figures)
•Design tables and figures with format
(1 or 2 column) of journal in mind.
Example
FIA
6.4
5.5
8
8.4
6
11.1
8.5
7.8
3.4
2.9
5.4
4.1
7.3
4.8
1.8
3.1
2
2.2
1.7
1.4
1.2
2.7
1.3
1.9
2
8.5
2.6
1.3
2.2
1.9
ROUTINE METHOD
15.8
21.3
21.1
18.7
21.4
25
26.1
21.7
4.5
2.7
4.8
4.7
18.4
4.6
2.9
5.5
2.5
2.5
1.1
2
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.1
1.9
17
2.9
2.2
2.9
2.5
Correlation Curve
30
25
Rountine method
SAMPLE
D19
A1
A23
B4
C13
D20
E19
C7
C5
C8
D3
D9
D18
E24
A9
A8
A28
B2
C2
C11
C12
C16
D2
E7
E10
E20
A4
B6
B11
B13
20
15
10
5
0
0
2
4
6
FIA method
8
10
12
Discussions
•A description of what your experiments mean
•Shows relationships among results observed
•Shows how results agree or disagree with previously
published research
Conclusion
Most often-quoted part of article
•State conclusion summarizing evidence
•Ideas for future research (not a call for more
research);
•questions?
Acknowledgement
•Simple and courteous
•“I thank” not “wish to thank”
•Limited to those who contributed to study
(technical, funding, editorial)
Literature Cited (see Guideline for authors)
• references cited should be restricted to significant
journal articles, not reports if possible
• format specific to journal
* name and year
* number from an alphabetical list
* number in sequence of citation
• check citations and text for congruence
• check citations against original articles
• use literature cited to determine appropriate
journal for submission
• avoid “ghosts”
150 citations checked (Public Health journals)
31% had errors
10% of citations could not be found
• cite literature correctly
30% of citations differed from original
author’s statements
15% of citations do not relate to original
author’s statements
Aims and Scope
General Information
Manuscript submission
Presentation of Manuscripts
Author enquiries
Proofs
Reprints
Electronic manuscripts
Original
research paper
Preliminary
communications
annotations
Editor(s),
Editorial board,
Advisory board
Impact factor
A Quick Review of Terms
•The ISSN is a unique International Standard Serials
Number assigned to a journal.
• Total Cites represents the number of times the journal
has been cited by all journals in the ISI database in
a particular year.
•The Impact Factor is the average number of times
articles published in a specific journal in the two
previous years were cited in a particular year
•The Immediacy Index is the average number of times
current articles in a specific journal are cited during
the year they were published.
• Total Articles represents the number of articles
published in a given year.
•The Cited Half-Life is the number of years, going
back from the current year, that account for 50% of
the total citations received by the journal in the current
y
e
a
r
.
•The Citing Half-Life is the number of years, going back
from the current year, that account for 50% of the total
citations given by the journal in the current year.
Journal Impact Factor
A measure of how “visible” and “generally useful” a
particular journal is to the readership of a particular
scientific field.
The impact factor is a quantity that reflects the
average number of time all manuscripts from a given
journal, published during the two previous years, have
been referenced in other manuscripts during the following
year in all journals from a particular scientific field of study.
Journal
Science
Chem Rev
J Am Chem Soc
Anal Chem
LC-GC
J Am Soc Mass Spectr
J Chromatogr A
Spectrochim Acta B
TRAC - Trend Anal Chem
J Microcolumn Sep
Chromatographia
HRC-J High Res Chrom
Appl Spectrosc
Anal Chim Acta
J Chromatogr Sci
Analyst
J Chromatogr B
Fresen J Anal Chem
Chemometer Intell Lab
J Chemometer
Talanta
Anal Commun
Int J Environ An Ch
Anal Sci
J Chem Eng Data
Sensor Actuat B-Chem
Spectrochim Acta A
Separ Sci Technol
Am lab
Instrum Sci Technol
Microchem J
Lab Robotics Automat
Impact Factor
1997
24.676
19.286
5.650
4.743
3.400
2.855
2.697
2.448
2.373
2.125
2.079
1.950
1.848
1.778
1.696
1.614
1.588
1.398
1.348
1.174
1.149
0.980
0.979
0.892
0.885
0.858
0.776
0.761
0.663
0.574
0.562
0.345
Impact Factor
2000
23.872
20.036
6.025
4.587
3.655
3.040
2.551
2.608
2.908
2.487
1.619
2.062
1.948
1.849
1.247
1.818
1.802
1.418
1.462
2.081
1.554
2.184
0.643
1.094
0.988
1.470
1.023
0.725
0.593
0.521
0.884
0.439
Submission:
•Submit by post
•On-line submission (e-mail, website)
Informations:
•copyright transfer form
•guideline for manuscript preparation
•manuscript template
•guideline for submission
How is the manuscript review process
conducted?
• First, manuscript submission is made to the journal editor.
The editor may reject and return to the authors a
manuscript at this stage if the manuscript does not meet
the Aims and Scope of the journal
• Second, referee selection of experts in the field is made
by the journal editor, and the manuscripts are sent out
for review
• Third, completion and return of referee reports is
followed by an editorial decision regarding status of
the manuscript. A decision may be made with only
one referee report in rare cases
Peer-reviewed Journals
• Editor
• Editorial Board
– Helps the editor establish editorial policy
• Manuscript reviewers
– Help the editor identify manuscripts for
publication
• Accept
• Reject
• Accept after modifications
Peer-reviewed Journals
• Manuscript reviewers
– Editor usually selects 2 or 3 reviewers
per manuscript
– Very specific instructions
• Evaluate the experimental procedure
• Do the results justify the conclusions?
• Check one third of the references for
accuracy
Review / evaluating process?
• Peers must be able to
1) assess the observations
• Did you do a proper literature review?
• Did you design the experiment properly?
2) repeat the experiments
• Are they described in sufficient detail that I can repeat
them? and
3) evaluate intellectual processes
• Are your conclusions justified by the results?
•Accept
•Major revision
•Minor revision
•Resubmit elsewhere
•Resubmit after more analysis or research
•Reject
Author
Editor (Associate editor/Editorial board)
Reviewers (Editorial board)
Author
Editor (preliminary decision)
Editor (final decision)
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE AUTHOR
1) No Double Publishing
The same “body of data” is used to produce two
articles that are published in two different places.
2) No Multiple Submissions
The same article is submitted to more than one
journal at a time.
3) No Copyright Violations
Any repeat use of material after copyright has been
transferred to the publisher.
Comments •how to revise according to the reviewers’
comments
•Don’t be panic to reviewer comments, carefully
consider each point with positive thinking
If have time, see example (in word file)
See submission
demonstration if internet
is available….