Transcript Chapter 7, part A - Univerzita Karlova v Praze

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION
by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin
UNIT 2
7
PART A
Introduction to the
Endocrine System
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
FOURTH EDITION
About this Chapter
 Function and purpose of hormones
 Classification, structure, and synthesis of hormones
 Pathways of nervous to endocrine regulation
 Effects of hormone interactions
 Pathologies of the endocrine system
 Hormone evolution
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Anatomy Summary: Hormones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-2 (1 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-2 (2 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones
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Figure 7-2 (3 of 4)
Anatomy Summary: Hormones
PLAY Animation: Endocrine System: Endocrine System Review
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Figure 7-2 (4 of 4)
Chemical Regulating Systems
 Hormones: cell to cell communication molecules
 Made in gland(s) or cells
 Transported by blood
 Distant target tissue receptors
 Activates physiological response
 Pheromones: organism to organism communication
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Hormones: Function
 Control of
 Rates of enzymatic reactions
 Transport of ions or molecules across cell membranes
 Gene expression and protein synthesis
 Exert effects at very low concentrations
 Bind to target cell receptors
 Half-life indicates length of activity
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormones: Classification
 Peptide or protein hormones
 Steroid hormones
 Amine hormones
PLAY
Animation: Endocrine System:
Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones
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Hormones: Peptides or Proteins
 Preprohormone
 Large, inactive
 Prohormone
 Post-translational modification
 Peptide hormone-receptor complex
 Signal transduction system
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Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
passes from the
ER through the
Golgi complex.
enzymes and prohormone
bud off the Golgi. The enzymes
chop the prohormone into one
or more active peptides plus
additional peptide fragments.
vesicle releases
its contents by
exocytosis into
the extracellular
space.
moves into the
circulation for
transport to its
target.
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
To target
Ribosome
Active hormone
Transport
vesicle
Peptide
fragment
3
4
Prohormone
6
Secretory
5
vesicle
Release
signal
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Capillary
endothelium
1
Cytoplasm ECF
mRNA
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, step 1
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Prohormone
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, steps 1–2
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
passes from the
ER through the
Golgi complex.
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Transport
vesicle
3
Prohormone
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, steps 1–3
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
passes from the
ER through the
Golgi complex.
enzymes and prohormone
bud off the Golgi. The enzymes
chop the prohormone into one
or more active peptides plus
additional peptide fragments.
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Active hormone
Transport
vesicle
Peptide
fragment
3
4
Secretory
vesicle
Prohormone
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, steps 1–4
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
passes from the
ER through the
Golgi complex.
enzymes and prohormone
bud off the Golgi. The enzymes
chop the prohormone into one
or more active peptides plus
additional peptide fragments.
vesicle releases
its contents by
exocytosis into
the extracellular
space.
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Ribosome
Active hormone
Transport
vesicle
Peptide
fragment
3
4
Prohormone
Secretory
5
vesicle
Release
signal
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, steps 1–5
Peptide Hormone Synthesis,
Packaging, and Release
1 Messenger RNA on the 2 Enzymes in the 3 The prohormone 4 Secretory vesicles containing 5 The secretory 6 The hormone
ribosomes binds amino
acids into a peptide chain
called a preprohormone.
The chain is directed into
the ER lumen by a signal
sequence of amino acids.
ER chop off the
signal sequence,
creating an
inactive
prohormone.
passes from the
ER through the
Golgi complex.
enzymes and prohormone
bud off the Golgi. The enzymes
chop the prohormone into one
or more active peptides plus
additional peptide fragments.
vesicle releases
its contents by
exocytosis into
the extracellular
space.
moves into the
circulation for
transport to its
target.
Golgi complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
To target
Ribosome
Active hormone
Transport
vesicle
Peptide
fragment
3
4
Prohormone
6
Secretory
5
vesicle
Release
signal
Capillary
endothelium
2
1
mRNA
Signal
sequence
Cytoplasm ECF
Plasma
Preprohormone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-3, steps 1–6
Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex
 Surface receptor
 Hormone binds
 Enzyme activation
 Open channels
 Second messenger systems
 Cellular response
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Peptide Hormone-Receptor Complex
Membrane receptors and signal transduction for peptide
hormones
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Figure 7-5
Steroid Hormones: Features
 Cholesterol-derived
 Lipophilic and can enter target cell
 Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (mostly)
 Activate DNA for protein synthesis
 Slower acting, longer half-life
 Examples
 Cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Steroid Hormones: Structure
Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
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Figure 7-6
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
2a Some steroid
hormones also
bind to membrane receptors
that use second
messenger
systems to
create rapid
cellular
responses.
3 The receptorhormone complex
binds to DNA
and activates or
represses one or
more genes.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
Cell surface receptor
2a
Rapid responses
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
DNA
Interstitial
fluid
Cell
membrane
3
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Transcription
produces mRNA
5
4
New
proteins
4 Activated genes create new
mRNA that moves into the
cytoplasm.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Translation
5 Translation produces new
proteins for cell processes.
Figure 7-7
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
Blood
vessel
1
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Interstitial
fluid
Cell
membrane
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-7, step 1
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
Interstitial
fluid
Cell
membrane
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-7, steps 1–2
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
2a Some steroid
hormones also
bind to membrane receptors
that use second
messenger
systems to
create rapid
cellular
responses.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
Cell surface receptor
2a
Rapid responses
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
Interstitial
fluid
Cell
membrane
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-7, steps 1–2a
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
2a Some steroid
hormones also
bind to membrane receptors
that use second
messenger
systems to
create rapid
cellular
responses.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
Cell surface receptor
2a
Rapid responses
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
DNA
Interstitial
fluid
3
Cell
membrane
3 The receptorhormone complex
binds to DNA
and activates or
represses one or
more genes.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-7, steps 1–3
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
2a Some steroid
hormones also
bind to membrane receptors
that use second
messenger
systems to
create rapid
cellular
responses.
3 The receptorhormone complex
binds to DNA
and activates or
represses one or
more genes.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
Cell surface receptor
2a
Rapid responses
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
DNA
Interstitial
fluid
3
Transcription
produces mRNA
Cell
membrane
4
4 Activated genes create new
mRNA that moves into the
cytoplasm.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-7, steps 1–4
Steroid Hormones: Action
1 Most hydrophobic
steroids are bound
to plasma protein
carriers. Only
unbound hormones
can diffuse into the
target cell.
2 Steroid hormone
receptors are
typically in the
cytoplasm or
nucleus.
2a Some steroid
hormones also
bind to membrane receptors
that use second
messenger
systems to
create rapid
cellular
responses.
3 The receptorhormone complex
binds to DNA
and activates or
represses one or
more genes.
Blood
vessel
Steroid
hormone
Cell surface receptor
2a
Rapid responses
1
2
Protein
carrier
Nucleus
Cytoplasmic
receptor
Nuclear
receptor
DNA
Interstitial
fluid
Cell
membrane
3
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Transcription
produces mRNA
5
4
New
proteins
4 Activated genes create new
mRNA that moves into the
cytoplasm.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Translation
5 Translation produces new
proteins for cell processes.
Figure 7-7, steps 1–5
Amine Hormones: Features
 Derived from one of two amino acids
 Tryptophan
 Tyrosine
 Ring structure
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amine Hormones: Examples
 Thyroid hormones
 Catecholamines
 Epinephrine
 Norepinephrine
 Dopamine
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Amine Hormones: Structure
Tyrosine-derived amine hormones
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-8
Endocrine Reflex Pathways
 Stimulus
 Afferent signal
 Integration
 Efferent signal (the hormone)
 Physiological action
 Negative feedback
PLAY
Animation: Endocrine System:
The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endocrine Reflex Pathways
Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7-9