Transcript English Grammar

Understanding and Using
English Grammar
Ch 06. Subject-Verb Agreement
정샘 영어 Academy
Context
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Basics
Gerund and Infinitive as Subjects
With Binary Nouns(쌍쌍명사)
Using Paired Conjunction
수량대명사
부정대명사 (Using Indefinite Nouns
기타
Half 표현
Appendix 1. 물주 구문
2
1. 주어동사일치 Basic
The sun shines.
명사 + 동사-s / -es: 3인칭
단수동사 현재형
단수
Birds sing.
복수
People in my country are friendly.
My brother lives in Seoul.

My brother and sister live in Seoul.
A needle and thread is on the table.
// 실에 꿴 바늘
A needle and a thread are on the table.
// 실과 바늘 각각
All work and no play makes Jim a dull boy. // 일만하고 쉬지 않는 바람에 짐은 우둔한
사람이 되었다.
Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
A white and a red rose are in the vase.
A white and red rose is in the vase.
명사-s /es + 동사
접속사 and사용시
- 두개이상의주어가 and로 연결되
면 복수동사를 취한다.
예외) each/every man and
woman is …

- 두 명사가 and로 연결되어도
불가분의 관계나 일체(一體)를
뜻할 땐 단수로 일치
- and로 연결시 관사가 2개면
복수취급, 관사가 1개면 단수
John with his parents goes to Seoul.

The glasses [over there under the window by the sink] are clean.
주어와
My dog, [as well as my cats], likes cat food.
삽입구들: In addition to, along with, together with
There is a book on the desk.
주어와 동사 사이에 전치사구
는 , 주어 동사일치와 무관
동사 사이에 phrases (구)
가 삽입될 수 있으나, 주어 동사일
치와 무관

형식주어 Here/There사용시
There are books on the desk.
Here comes the last runner.
Here come the last runners.
Here she comes.
3
2. Using Gerund, Infinitives as Subjects
Playing soccer is fun.
Dieting is very popular today.
모든 동명사와 To부정사는 항상
단수 취급

Writing many letters is a way to improve English.
Sending a gift makes her happy.
Writing many English letters and Reading English newspapers is(또
는 are) a way to improve your English. // 하나의 의미로 인식
Running and walking are my favorite sport. // 두개를 각각 별개의 종
목으로 인식
동명사/To 부정사가 and로 연
결된 경우

- 각각의 내용이 별개로 취급되
면 복수로, 하나의 의미로 취급되
면 단수로 받음
Running and walking is my favorite sport. (X) // 두개를 하나의 종목으
로 인식(하나의 운동에 달리고 걷는 종목이 모두 포함된 )
To teach and to learn are different.
To get up early and to go to bed early make a man healthy.
4
3. with Binary Nouns (쌍쌍명사)

Binary Noun개념: 단어 자체 의미가 쌍 또는 2개의 부분으로 구성된 단어(as having 2 parts)

단어는 복수형이지만 의미는 하나의 개체로 간주

의미상 하나의 개체지만 형태가 복수형이라 복수 동사와 결합

단수를 만들기 위해서는 a pair of 를 사용 + 단수동사와 결합

종류: 도구(tools), Clothing(주로 하반신쪽에 입는 옷), 광학 렌즈(optical lenses)
Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses,
Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls(위아래가 붙은 작업복)
Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s)
A pair of
…
+
Sunglasses, goggles, binoculars, glasses,
Leggings, pantyhose, jeans, pants, tights, shorts, overalls
Pliers, forceps(외과용 핀셋,집게), tweezers, chopstick(s)
+
Plural Verb
+
Singular Verb
Scissors have very sharp edges.
This pair of scissors is very sharp.
The pants are in the drawer.
A pair of pants is in the drawer.
a pants is in the drawer. (X)
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4. Using Paired Conjunctions
A + or + B +
B동사
Neither + A + nor + B +
B동사
Either + A + or + B +
B동사
Not only + A + but also + B + B동사
Not + A + but + B +
B동사
A + as well as + B + A동사
Both + A + and + B + 복수동사
Neither Anna nor Jim is going to the party.
Either Anna or Jim is going to the party.
Neither/ either의 경우 nor/or 뒤에 나오는 명사에 의해
단복수 결정

Neither Anna nor her friends are going to the party.
Either Anna or her friends are going to the party.
// 주의: either/neither 가 or /nor 없이 사용되면 단수취급
If either of you takes a day off tomorrow, we will not be
able to finish the task.

참고: both + 형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사
Jim is both talented and handsome.
Anna plays both the guitar and the violin.
He writes both correctly and neatly.
Either of the two answers is wrong.
She excels both in music and in science.
Neither of the answers is right.
Tom both plays the piano and compose music
Neither of the answers you give is satisfactory to us.
// Both는 항상 복수
Both My mother and my father are here.
// but also 다음에 나오는 명사가 단/복수 결정
Not only my mother but also my father is here.
Not only my mother but also my friends are here.
참고:
not only+형용사,명사,부사,전치사,동사
Jim is not only talented but also handsome.
Anna plays not only the guitar but also the violin.
He writes not only correctly but also neatly.
Tom not only plays the piano but also composes
music.
She excels not only in music but also in science.
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5. 수량대명사 사용하는 경우: All, One, Each, Every
// 수량대명사 each: 둘 이상일 때 하나하나, 제 각각, 한 사람마다, 한 개마다,
제각기(항상 단수취급)
Each has their favorite.
// 대명사
Each of the students was late to the class.
// 대명사
Each student was late to the class.
// 수량형용사
Each employee has not donated his blood. (X)
// each는 부정문 사용못함
One, each, every + 단수명사 +
단수동사

One, Each, Every one + of +
the 복수명사 + 단수동사

every + 서수 + 단수명사 / every
+ 기수 + 복수명사

주의:
= Neither employee has not donated his blood. (O) //둘
= No employee has not donated his blood. (O)
each는 부정문에 사용 못함
// 셋 이상
// 수량대명사 every
Every student, professor, and staff needs to cooperate.
Every one of the students needs to cooperate with professors.
every other day 이틀마다, 이틀에 한 번(= every two days, every second day)
every fourth day 매 4일마다(= every four days)
Each and every employee has donated his blood. //모두 각자. each와 every를 동
시에 강조
We each put $2 in the kitty, and then sent John to buy food for everybody.
We have every reason to believe what he said.
// every = 충분한, 합당한
She and I are love each other, and we are learning each other's language.
//주의: He and I are sharing a room each other. (X) → with each other (O)
주의: each앞에 대명사가오면 대명
사의 수를 따른다.

each
other : ‘서로’를 뜻하는 명사
이며 문의 주어로 쓰지 않고 목적어
나 소유격으로만 사용.
- every and each로 바꿔 쓰면 틀린
다.
7 7
5. 수량 (대)명사를 사용하는 경우(cont.): All, One, Each, Every
Every one of the students was late to the class.
One, each, every + 단명 +
단동
 One, each, every one + of
the+ 복명 + 단동
Lincoln was one of the greatest men that were respected.

One of the students was late to the class.
Each of the students was late to the class.

one of + 복명 + 관계사 + 복동
She is one of my friends who understand me.
the only one of + 복명 +
관계사 +단동

She is the only one of my friends who understands me.
More than one girl knows the secret. // 한 명 이상의 소녀
more
More than one of the girls know the secret. // 그 소녀들중 한 명
이상
more
than one of the + 복명 +
복동
than one + 단명 + 단동
There is more than one reason to believe that he is kind.
There are more than one of the reasons to believe that he is kind.
// 부정대명사 all

All are present. // 사람/동물이면 복수취급
All is ready. All he said was true. // 량그 이외에는 단수취급
I lost all. // all = all things I have
8
5. 수량 (대)명사를 사용하는 경우 (Cont..): Of the 사용시
가산
수량(대)명사+ of the+
복명+ 복동
수량(대)명사+ of the+
단명+ 단동
불가산
Many of the students were late to the class.
Much of the furniture is uncomfortable.
Several of the students were late to the class.
A little of the furniture is uncomfortable.
A few of the students were late to the class
All of the students were late to the class.
All of the furniture is uncomfortable.
Some of the students were late to the class.
Some of the furniture is uncomfortable.
Both of the students were late to the class
Both of the furniture is comfortable.
Most of the students were late to the class. .
Most of the furniture is uncomfortable.
Any of the students were not late to the class.
Any of the furniture is not bad.
// 주의:
All are agreed.
// = all people
All is expensive.
// = all things
All are silent in this room. // = all people
All is silent in this room. // = everything
Some of the book is good.
// 책이 1권, 그중 일부
Some of the books are good.
// 책이 여러권, 그중에 몇 권

주의: some 다음에는 단수가산 명사 가능.
The number of students in my class is fifteen.
A number of students were late to school.
// = many
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6. 부정대명사 (Using Indefinite Pronouns) 사용시
Indefinite Pronouns(부정대명사)
- Anybody, anyone, anything
+
- Nobody, no one, nothing
단수동사
- Somebody, someone, something
- Everybody, everyone, everything
Everybody who has not purchased the ticket cannot be in.
Nobody studies harder than Jim.
부정대명사가 of the 없이 단독으로 쓰이면
항상 단수 취급

Anybody who has lost his ticket cannot be entered.
Something was happened yesterday.
None are good enough. //none은 과거에는 단수취급, 현대에는 복수취급
None knows the weight of another’s burden
None of the missing children were found.
None이 대명사로 단독으로 사용되면 단/복
수 모두가능하나, 현재는 주로 복수취급

‘No/None + of the’ 는 of 다음에 오는 명사
에 의해 단복수 결정

None of the counterfeit money has been found.
None of us are quite sure where the trouble is.
// informal
- None of the + 단수명사 + 단수동사
None of us is entirely blameless in this matter.
// formal
- None of the + 복수명사 + 복수동사
There was/were none absent. // 단/복수 모두 가능
None
= No one
= There was no one absent. // 단/복수 모두 가능
No example is relevant to this case. // 부정형용사
No examples are relevant to this case. // 부정형용사
부정대명사가 형용사로 쓰이면 다음에 오는
명사에 의해 단복수 결정

- No + 단수명사 + 단수동사
- No + 복수명사 + 복수동사
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6. Numeric and Measurement Expression
Twenty-five dollars is too much pay for the lunch.
Fifty minutes isn’t enough time to finish the test.
Ten miles is too much to run in one day.
Ten years is too long a time to wait.
// 단수: 하나의 단위개념
Ten years have passed since she died.
// 복수: 10년, 2년이라는 복수형
The TOEFL test will last four hours. It will be a four-hour TOEFL test.
My daughter is three years old.
I have a three-year-old daughter.
시간,
돈, 거리등과 같은
측정단위는 하나의
단위개념또는 집합단위로
해석되면 단수형, 그렇지
않으면 복수형
숫자표현이 명사를
수식하는 형용사를 역할을
하는 경우 하이폰으로
연결되고 항상 단수형

//주의:
hundreds of thousands of people are ~. //주의: of수식어구가 나오면 복수형
Thousands of fans are waiting for her.
Three-fourths of the cakes have been eaten.
Three-fourths of the cake has been eaten.
Two and Two is four.
Two plus two is/equals four.
Many a book is on the desk.
Two and Two equals four.
Five times two is ten.
분수표현
같은 수사 표현에
Of를 사용하면, of다음에
나오는 명사에 의해 결정
수학적

표현은 항상 단수
many a + 단명 + 단동
= Many books are on the desk.
부사구나 전치사구는
주어동사 일치에 영향을
미치지 않는다

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7. 기타 (Of the 사용시)
A total of 546 Koreans lives in this country.
A set of people are feeling very threatened about loosing
their priviledge to this
The Majority believes that he is innocent. // Majority 단독
일 경우 단수

a total of + 복명 + 단동

a set of + 복명 + 복동

Majority/Rest 용법
- Majority만 쓰이면 단수
A majority of people believe Israel and Iran have a mainly
negative influence in the world.
- A (the) majority of + 복명+ 복동
/단명+단동
A majority of the information was wrong. // majority of +
information : 단수
- the rest of (most of) + 복명 + 복동
/단명+단동
Ninety percent of people have a car.

47 percent of women do not enjoy being mother.

Fifty percent of the population is…
주의: Half a percent // half와 결합시 a percent / a
percentage
percent + of + 단명 + 단동
percent + of + 복명 + 복동/단동
둘다가능 그러나 주로 명사에 일치
Percent / percentage의 복수형 없음
- 80 percent, fifty percent,…
- small/large Percentage, fifty
percentage (X)

12
8. Half 표현
Half + 한정사 + 명사인 경우
// ø half + 수량단위명사 인 경우: half + a +명 = a half + 단명

Half a mile is (O) = a half mile is (O)
- half + a + 단명 + 단동(일반적) =
a half + 단명 + 단동
Half an hour is = an half hour is
half of a mile (X)
// half + 수량단위명사시 of 사용안함
I read half of them.
// half + of + 대명사, 대명사가 오면 of사용
Half of my friends live in Seoul.
// half of + 한정사 + 복명 + 복동
Half of the money is mine.
// half of + 한정사 + 단명 + 단동
Half our money goes on food
// half + 한정사 + 단명 + 단동
Half the kids in this room are unemployed. // half + 한정사 + 복명 + 복동
(The) Half of ten is five.
// of 다음에 Ten이오지만 수량은 단수취급
Two halves make a whole.
// 반쪽이 두 개면 하나가 된다.
- Half 다음에는 일반적으로 of가
오지 않으나, 대명사가 올경우 of
사용
- 명사가 복수면 복동
- 명사가 단수면 단동

Half of + 한정사 + 명사
- 명사가 복수면 복동
- 명사가 단수면 단동
and a half 인 경우
One and a half hours are (O)

= One hour and a half is = an hour and a half is
- and a half 다음에 명사가 오면
항상 복수형이고 동사도 복수
= one and a half hour (X) // 기수 + and a half + 복명
One (two, three..)+ and a half
+ 복명 + are
One year and a half Ø has passed since I lived in Seoul. (단수)
One and a half years have passed since I lived in Seoul. (복수) //
two and a half pounds are = two pounds and a half is
// 2파운드 반
two and a half hours are = two hours and a half is
// 2년 반
// half + 형,부사 인 경우: 절반의,반의(형), 반쯤, 반 정도(부사)
It is half past ten.
// 10시 반, 무관사 half임, a half 아님
The cinema was half empty.
// half+ 형용사
- and a half 다음에 명사가
오지않으면, 항상 단수
One (two, three..)+ 수량명사 +
and a half + Ø + is

형용사, 부사로 쓰인 half
the first [latter] half of the 21st century 21세기 전[후]반
13
Appendix 1. 물주구문 – 사람 주어 vs. 비 사람주어 문장
People can travel thanks to airplanes.
Airplanes enable[allow] people to travel through the air.
(비행기를 타고 사람들은 공중으로 여행할 수 있다.)
사람이
주어로 쓰인 구문을 인주어 구문이라고 하
며, 무생물이 주어로 쓰인 구문을 물주구문이라고 한
다.
1. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + can
물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + enable + 목적어 + to
do~~
The heavy rain prevented me from attending the meeting.
2. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + cannot
(폭우 때문에 나는 그 모임에 참석하지 못했다.)
물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + prevent + 목적어 +
from + (동)명사
He went to Seoul on business.
3. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + go to(get to) ~
Business took him to Seoul.
물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + take + 목 + to
The cry brought me to the spot.
4. 인주어 구문 : 사람 주어 + come(reach)~
(그 울음소리를 듣고 그 장소에 왔다.)
물주 구문 : 무생물 주어 + bring + 목 + to~~
As her father died suddenly, she had to give up school.
5. 인주어 구문 : 사람주어 + have to ~ ~가 ~해야한
다.
= Her father's sudden death forced her to give up school.
The rain forced[compelled] him to put off his departure.
(비 때문에 그는 출발을 연기해야 했다.)
물주구문 : 무생물 주어 + force(compel,
oblige) + 목적어 + to~~~
6. His son's death made[drove] him almost mad.
(그의 아들의 죽음이 그를 거의 미치게 했다.)
7. This construction cost me one million dollars. (이 건설에 일
백만 달러가 들었다.)
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