Transcript Document
Sports Injuries Revision Pack This will cover as much of the spec as possible, it will also have exam questions, tasks and reviews. Cause – draw an arrow from the injury to the cause (Extrinsic, Intrinsic or Both) Shin Splints Extrinsic Tendonitis Broken Nose ACL Tear Pulled Hamstring Torn Calf Dislocated Knee Both Stress Fracture Tennis Elbow Cartilage Damage Dead Leg Groin Strain Gashed Head Concussion Intrinsic Broken Toe Internal Bleeding Type – draw an arrow from the injury to the type it is. (Acute or Chronic) Shin Splints Acute Tendonitis Broken Nose ACL Tear Pulled Hamstring Torn Calf Dislocated Knee Stress Fracture Tennis Elbow Cartilage Damage Dead Leg Groin Strain Gashed Head Concussion Broken Toe Chronic Internal Bleeding Exam style questions – give 3 examples of Intrinsic injuries. • Example 1 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ • Example 2 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ • Example 3 ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Exam style questions – explain the 3 examples. • Example 1 _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ • Example 2 _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ • Example 3 _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Exam style questions – Explain and give a sporting example of the difference between chronic and acute injuries __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ External factors • Question 1 – How does the type of activity effect the risk of injury? • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ • Question 2 – How can the quality of a coaching session effect the risk of injury? • Coaching Techniques: • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ • Communication: • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ • Rules and regulations: • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ External factors Can you match the sporting activity to the different risk that is presented and the most likely injury that could happen. Rugby Full on contact Choking Football Racket Achilles tendonitis Badminton Hard ball Bone and muscle bruising Cricket Awkward landings Strained/torn ligaments Gymnastics Abrasions Gashed legs, limbs and body Rock climbing Cramps Broken leg Swimming Advertising signs Fractured collarbone External factors – Questions • Explain why a risk assessment can reduce the risk of injury. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Benefits of warm ups and cool downs: Physical • Explain the physical benefits of a warm up: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ • Explain the physical benefits of a cool down: • _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Benefits of a warm up and cool down Physical • Warming up muscles • Increased body temperature • Increased heart rate • Increase in flexibility of muscles and joints • Increase in pliability of ligaments and tendons • Increased blood flow and oxygen to muscles • Increased speed of contration Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Physiological. • Physiologically warming up can have a big effect on injury risk, this is because warming up prepares our body both physically and mentally. • Sometimes the warm up prepares our minds just as much as our body. This can reduce injury risk as you may be in ‘the zone’ or calm’ motivated but in a healthy, optimum way. Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components – warm up • Pulse raising – exercises that slowly increase the heart rate and body temperature (jogging, cycling, skipping) • Mobility – exercises that take the joints through their full range of movement (open and close gates) • Dynamic movements – change of speed and direction • Stretching – developmental stretches, dynamic stretches linked to sport – open close gates, kick across, hell flicks, knees up. • Skill rehearsal phase – rehearsing common movement patterns and skills which will be used in the activity (keep ball, possession) Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components – Cool down • Pulse lowering – exercises which gradually lower the heart rate and reduce temperature • Stretching – maintenance stretching and static stretching Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components – specific needs • Characteristics of the group: Size of the group Age of participants Individual fitness levels Any medical conditions participants may have Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components – suitability + envrionment • Your warm up and cool down must be suitable to the activity, for example there is no point warming up for a football match if you are going swimming. • The environment has a big part to play, in the sense that if you are trying to cool down in the rain and wind then you have to make sure your are cooling down properly otherwise it becomes ineffective. You also have to be aware of the available facilities such as indoor areas that could help aid a cool down. Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Cool down • When we cool down properly it allows our bodies to _____________ to a ______________ state which therefore ___________ the risk of post exercise__________. An effective cool down should, help the bodies transition from a ______________ state back to __________ state, it will gradually lower __________ rate and body _______________. It will help to circulate ________ and ____________ to the __________ which have worked, doing this again aids recovery within the muscles themselves. Cooling down reduces breathing ________ and allows the body to return to its pre exercise state. An effective cool down also removes waste products from the body, such as _________ acid, this can cause muscle _________, which in turn can cause____________. Cooling down also reduces the risk of muscle _____________ and stiffness as well as ____________ recovery by _________________ muscles, by lengthening and strengthening for next _________________. • Professional____________, especially games players, ____________ down in two ways, after a game they perform an initial cool down, the ____________ their body initially. Then the next morning they come into training an perform a recovery session which includes _____________________ exercises, __________________ stretching, sports massage, _________ baths and ___________. Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components • Warm up: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Benefits of a warm up and cool down: Key components. • Cool down __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Types, cause and treatments of common sports Injuries: Abbreviations • S.A.L.T.A.P.S. It stands for : Stop Play Ask the player -- evaluate for pain and for orientation/confusion Look -- at the limb and evaluate the appearance of the injury Touch -- the injury if the player will allow this. Active Movement -- can the player move the limb? Passive Movement -- if you move the limb does it hurt? Is there sufficient range of motion? Stand Up -- can the player really play, or are they denying the extent of the injury. R.I.C.E. - Rest – Ice – Compression – Elevation Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries. • Write a paragraph explaining the types of injuries you could get, the cause and possible treatments of the following injuries. • Soft Tissue __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ • Overuse __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries. • Fractures Open _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ • Fracture Closed _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries • Concussion _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ • Abrasions _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries • Contusions _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ • Blisters _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________ Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries – Injuries to children • Severs Diseases Sever's disease, also called calcaneal apophysitis, is a painful bone disorder that results from inflammation (swelling) of the growth plate in the heel. A growth plate, also called an epiphyseal plate, is an area at the end of a developing bone where cartilage cells change over time into bone cells. As this occurs, the growth plates expand and unite, which is how bones grow. Sever's disease is a common cause of heel pain in growing kids, especially those who are physically active. It usually occurs during the growth spurt of adolescence, the approximately 2-year period in early puberty when kids grow most rapidly. This growth spurt can begin any time between the ages of 8 and 13 for girls and 10 and 15 for boys. Sever's disease rarely occurs in older teens because the back of the heel usually finishes growing by the age of 15, when the growth plate hardens and the growing bones fuse together into mature bone. Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries – Injuries to children • Osgood Schlatter’s disease Osgood-Schlatter disease is a painful condition that affects the upper part of the shin bone (tibia). It most commonly occurs in teenagers who play sport. It causes pain and swelling just below the knee. It is not serious and usually goes away in time. Osgood-Schlatter disease is one of the common causes of knee pain in active adolescent children who play sports. However, it is uncommon over the age of 16. Young teenagers, particularly boys, are the most commonly affected. It is more common in teenagers who play a lot of sport involving kicking, running or jumping. These kinds of sports cause repeated and vigorous use of the muscles on the front of the thigh - the quadriceps. It can sometimes occur in children who are not sporty. Types, cause and treatments of common sports injuries – Injuries to children • Growth Plate Injuries: When you think of growing bones, you might think they grow out from the center of the bone. But the long bones in the legs and arms grow from an area at either end of these bones called the physis, or more commonly, the growth plate. These areas produce new bone tissue and determine the final length and shape of bones in adulthood. An injured growth plate might not do its job properly, which can lead to crooked or misshapen bones, limbs that are too short, or even arthritis. Fortunately, these occurrences are rare. With recognition and proper treatment, the vast majority of kids recover from growth plate injuries without any long-term consequences Exam type questions • 3. Explain why stretching and massage can be used to respond to injury? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ • 4. What type of injury could you use taping, bandaging, splints and slings to respond to? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Emergency Action plans • Any sporting environment should have EAP’s in place. This is so that if an emergency happens those in charge and participants are aware of the proper procedures. • You must have emergency personnel these have to be a first responder, who is first aid trained this will usually be the coach. • The emergency communication will normally be a mobile telephone that will have emergency numbers (parents/carers)(Club or school medical team) and have emergency services available. • Emergency equipment is important as it will contain a first aid kit, evacuation chair possibly even a defibrillator. Symptoms of common medical conditions Can you put the symptom to the condition, there may be more than one symptom for the condition. Coughing Extreme tiredness Asthma Increased thirst Weight loss Going to the toilet lots Diabetes Wheezing Shortness of breath Epilepsy Tightness in the chest Seizures Symptoms of common medical conditions Asthma • Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes with increased production of sticky secretions inside the tubes. People with asthma experience symptoms when the airways tighten, inflame, or fill with mucus. Common asthma symptoms include: Coughing, especially at night Wheezing Shortness of breath Chest tightness, pain, or pressure • Early warning signs are changes that happen just before or at the very beginning of an asthma attack. These signs may start before the well-known symptoms of asthma and are the earliest signs that your asthma is worsening. • In general, these signs are not severe enough to stop you from going about your daily activities. But by recognizing these signs, you can stop an asthma attack or prevent one from getting worse. Early warning signs of asthma include: Frequent cough, especially at night Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath Feeling very tired or weak when exercising Wheezing or coughing after exercise Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak flow meter Signs of a cold or allergies (sneezing, runny nose, cough, nasal congestion, sore throat, and headache) Trouble sleeping Symptoms of common medical conditions – Diabetes type 1 • Diabetes type 1 is a form of diabetes that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose. The classical symptoms are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia increased thirst, polyphagia (increased hunger) and weight loss. The cause of diabetes mellitus type 1 is unknown. Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by autoantibody testing. • The symptoms of type 1 diabetes can develop very quickly (over a few days or weeks), particularly in children. In older adults, the symptoms can often take longer to develop (a few months). However, they should disappear when you start taking insulin and you get the condition under control. The main symptoms of diabetes are: feeling very thirsty urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night feeling very tired weight loss and loss of muscle bulk itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection) blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape slow healing of cuts and grazes Vomiting or heavy, deep breathing can also occur at a later stage. This is a dangerous sign and requires immediate admission to hospital for treatment. Symptoms of common medical conditions – Diabetes type 2 • Diabetes type 2 is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) in the context of insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin. This is in contrast to diabetes type 1, in which there is an absolute lack of insulin due to breakdown of islet cells in the pancreas. The classic symptoms are excess thirst, frequent urination, and constant hunger. Type 2 diabetes makes up about 90% of cases of diabetes, with the other 10% due primarily to diabetes type 1 and gestational diabetes. Obesity is thought to be the primary cause of type 2 diabetes in people who are genetically predisposed to the disease. • Type 2 diabetes is initially managed by increasing exercise and dietary changes. If blood sugar levels are not adequately lowered by these measures, medications such as metformin or insulin may be needed. In those on insulin, there is typically the requirement to routinely check blood sugar levels. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes due to high blood sugar may include: • Increased thirst • Increased hunger (especially after eating) • Dry mouth • Frequent urination • Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating and feel hungry) • Fatigue (weak, tired feeling) • Blurred vision • Headaches • Loss of consciousness (rare) • Recurrent infections, including thrush infections Symptoms of common medical conditions – Diabetes type 2 Other symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include: • Slow-healing sores or cuts • Itching of the skin (usually around the vaginal or groin area) • Frequent yeast infections • Recent weight gain • Velvety dark skin changes of the neck, armpit and groin. • Numbness and tingling of the hands and feet • Decreased vision • Sexual dysfunction, such as erectile dysfunction in men Symptoms of common medical conditions – Epilepsy • There are two main types of partial seizure. • Simple partial seizures • Simple partial seizures are where you remain fully conscious throughout. • Symptoms of a simple partial seizure can include: • a general strange feeling that is hard to describe • a "rising" feeling in your tummy – sometimes likened to the sensation in your stomach when on a fairground ride • an intense feeling that events have happened before (déjà vu) • experiencing an unusual smell or taste • a tingling sensation, or "pins and needles", in your arms and legs • a sudden intense feeling of fear or joy • stiffness or twitching in part of the body, such as an arm or hand • These seizures are sometimes known as "warnings" or "auras", because they can be a sign that another type of seizure is on its way. This can give you time to warn people around you and make sure you are in a safe place. Symptoms of common medical conditions – Epilepsy • Complex partial seizures • Complex partial seizures are when you lose your sense of awareness and can’t remember what happened after the seizure has passed. • The symptoms of a complex partial seizure normally involve apparently strange and random bodily behaviour, such as: • smacking your lips • rubbing your hands • making random noises • moving your arms around • picking at clothes • fiddling with objects • adopting an unusual posture • chewing or swallowing • During a complex partial seizure, you will not be able to respond to anyone else, and you will have no memory of the event. Symptoms of common medical conditions – Epilepsy • Generalised seizures • There are six main types of generalised seizure. • Absences • Absence seizures, which used to be called petit mal, mainly affect children, but they also occur in adults. They cause the person to lose awareness of their surroundings, usually for up to 15 seconds. The person will seem to stare vacantly into space, although some people will flutter their eyes or smack their lips. The person will have no memory of the seizure. • Absences can occur several times a day. They may affect a child's performance at school, and can be dangerous if they occur at a critical time, such as crossing a busy road. • Myoclonic seizures • These types of seizures cause your arms, legs or upper body to jerk or twitch, as if you have received an electric shock. They often only last for a fraction of a second, and you will normally remain conscious during this time. • Myoclonic jerks often happen in the first few hours after waking up and can occur in combination with other types of generalised seizures. • Clonic seizures • These cause the same sort of twitching as myoclonic jerks, except the symptoms will last longer, normally up to two minutes. Loss of consciousness may also occur. • Atonic seizures • Atonic seizures cause all your muscles to suddenly relax, so there is a chance you may fall to the ground and there is a risk you could injure yourself. • Tonic seizures • Tonic seizures cause all your muscles to suddenly become stiff, which can mean you lose balance and fall over. Like atonic seizures, there is a risk of injury. • Tonic-clonic seizures • Tonic-clonic seizures or convulsions, which used to be known as grand mal, have two stages. Your body will initially become stiff and then your arms and legs will begin twitching. You will lose consciousness and some people will wet themselves. The seizure normally lasts a few minutes, but can last longer. • This type of seizure is what most people think of as an epileptic fit. Symptoms of common medical conditions – Epilepsy • • • • • What to do if someone has a seizure If you see someone having a seizure, there are simple things you can do to help. Tonic-clonic seizures If you are with someone who has a tonic-clonic seizure: protect them from injury by removing any dangerous or potentially harmful objects nearby, and cushioning their head with your hands or soft material • do not restrain them or attempt to move them (unless they are in immediate danger) and don't put anything in their mouth • stay calm, and stay with them until they regain consciousness • When the convulsions have stopped, put them into the recovery position until they have recovered. Symptoms of common medical conditions – Epilepsy • Other types of seizure • If someone is having one of the other types of seizure: • protect them from injury by removing any dangerous or potentially harmful objects nearby, and cushioning their head with your hands or soft material • only attempt to move them if they are in immediate danger • stay with them and comfort them until they have fully recovered • When to call an ambulance • It will not usually be necessary to call an ambulance after a seizure. However, you should call 999 if: • the seizure has not stopped after five minutes • the person has more than one seizure without recovering in between • you know it is the person's first seizure • the person is injured, has breathing problems, or needs emergency medical attention for any other reason • the person’s behaviour after a seizure is unsafe How to respond to these common medical conditions • Before you take lead in any physical activity you must ensure you know the medical conditions of all the participants. This so that you are aware of anything that could happen as a result of a persons medical condition. Also this allows you to adapt your coaching or session so that it caters for all needs. • For the next part you will have to un-jumble the words in bold italics and write them below, these are the key things that you have to remember when responding to a medical condition • Asthma – If you have someone in your session that has asthma there are 3 things you must do that help you respond to this medical condition, These are raesusrcane, ienalhr, egecmerny seceirvs (if needed). • Diabetes – Again if you have someone in your session that has asthma there some thing you can do to respond to the situation. These are Iilusnn (or gulsoce), hypoglycaemia, Gvie the invidudal sgaur. (eg fruit or sugary sweets) • Epilepsy – Egermacny crae paln in pcale. Sports injuries related to poor posture • I want you to research and tell me what each of the following are. Pelvic tilt: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ • Lordosis: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ • Kyphosis: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ • Round shoulder: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ • Scoliosis: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ Individual variables that effect injury risk • Some of the things that effect risk of injury differ from person to person, these are things like, age, gender, flexibility, nutrition, sleep and previous injuries/recurring injuries. Think about yourself and your parent/carer. If you were to both participate in a 90 min football match, what individual variables would there be that effect both of your risk to injury. You have to consider all of the above. Individual variables that effect injury risk • You • Parent/carer Exam Questions • Over the next few pages there will be some exam questions. I want you to answer them, there will be marks available as a guide to see what your answer would have got. Give ONE example of each of the following common sports injuries (5): Type of Injury Soft Tissue Injuries Overuse injuries Fractures Abrasions Contusions Example • Explain how 4 individual variable can influence injury risk (4). • 1______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ • 2______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ • 3______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ • 4______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ • Michele is a competent netball player, but doesn’t understand the importance of a warm up. • Explain the importance of an effective warm up (8) _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ • Describe the symptoms of scoliosis and how these might increase the risk of injury (4). ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ • Identify 1 Chronic injury and why it is a chronic injury (3). __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ • Identify 1 Acute injury and why it is a Acute Injury (3). __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________