Transcript No Slide Title
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWARENESS
Definitions
D.O.T. (Department of Transportation)
Hazardous Material: Material that poses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of response personnel, the public and or the environment.
Definitions
OSHA (Occupational Safety & Health Administration )
Hazardous Chemicals: Chemicals that present health or physical threats to workers.
Definitions
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act)
Any substance listed under CERCLA 101 (14), 104 (a)(2), USDOT 49 CFR 172.101, and any Hazardous Waste.
This includes biological and disease causing agents.
Definitions
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
Extremely Hazardous Substance (EHS): Materials determined to be extremely hazardous to a community in the event of a spill or release, this is due to the inherent toxicity or severe physical hazard of the material.
Types of Emergencies
Hazardous Materials:
The hazard is the product.
Other Emergencies:
The emergency is the hazard
Placarding Requirements
Reportable Quantities (RQ’s)
Materials must be placarded when they are >1,001 pounds or 110 gallons.
There are five commodities that must be placarded
in any quantity:
EXPLOSIVES “1”, “A & B” (1.1, 1.2, 1.3)
POISON GAS 2.3, or POISON “A”
FLAMMABLE SOLID DANGEROUS WHEN WET 4.3
POISON (LIQUID) “6.1” “INHALATION HAZARD”
RADIOACTIVE III “7”
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Explosives Class “A”, “1.1”, “1.2”
Substances most likely to explode.
Examples: DYNAMITE, NITROGLYCERINE, DETONATING CORD.
HAZARDS: DETONATION, INSTANTANEOUS RELEASE OF HEAT & GASES.
PLACARDED IN ANY QUANTITY .
EXPLOSIVE “A”
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Explosives Class “B”, “1.3”
Substance with deflagration / rapid combustion potential.
Examples: FLASH POWDERS, LIQUID ROCKET PROPELLANT.
HAZARDS: DEFLAGRATION.
PLACARDED IN ANY QUANTITY.
EXPLOSIVE “B”
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Explosives Class “C”, “1.4”
Substances containing limited amounts of Class “A” & “B” (1.1 - 1.3) explosives.
Examples: SAFETY FUSES, PAPER CAPS, FIREWORKS, SMALL ARMS AMMUNITION .
HAZARDS: SAME AS 1.1 - 1.3 EXPLOSIVES DEPENDING UPON AMOUNT OF MATERIAL INVOLVED.
EXPLOSIVE “C”
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Explosives Class “1.5”
Substances that are “relatively” insensitive.
Examples: ANFO (AMMONIUM NITRATE FUEL OIL).
HAZARD HAZARDS: MASS DEFLAGRATION .
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Explosives Class “1.6”
Substances that are extremely insensitive.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Flammable Gases “2.1”
Gases that can burn when mixed with air and an ignition source.
Examples: METHANE, PROPANE, HYDROGEN.
HAZARDS: FIRE, BLEVE (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSION).
FLAMMABLE GAS
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Non - Flammable Gases “2.2”
Gases that do not burn.
Examples: Carbon dioxide, neon, helium, “ammonia”.
Hazards: Container failure (SHIT - Sudden Heat Induced Tear)
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Poison Gases “2.3” “Poison A”
Gases or vapors that are very dangerous to life.
Example: Cyanide gas, hydrocyanid acid, chlorine, diphosgene.
Hazards: Death, Toxicity.
Placarded in any quantity.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Oxygen (liquefied state “2.2”).
Combustion enhancing commodity .
Examples: Oxygen.
Hazards: Enhances combustion, liquid extremely enhances combustion.
Placarded: Yellow with Flaming Ball.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Flammable Liquids “3.0”
Liquids with a flash point below 141 F.
Examples: Gasoline, alcohol, acetone, pyrophoric liquids
.
Hazards: Fire, toxicity, BLEVE.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Combustible Liquids
Liquids with a flash point between 141 F and 200 F.
Examples: Pine oils, fuel oil, chlorinated solvents
.
Hazards: Fire, toxicity, BLEVE
.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Flammable Solids “4.1”
Solids likely to cause fires through friction, retained heat, or are ignitable.
Examples: ( 1 Wetted explosives, 2 Self reactive materials, 3 Readily Combustible solids) nitrocellulose, fuses, magnesium pellets.
Hazards: Fire, exothermic decomposition.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Spontaneously Combustible Material “4.2”
Materials when exposed to air may burn.
Examples: ( 1 Pyrophoric meterial, 2 Self heating material) aluminum alkyls, white phosphorus, charcoal briquettes.
Hazards: Exposure of these materials to air can cause them to burst into flame, or to self heat to the point of igniting other materials.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Dangerous When Wet Material “4.3”
Materials that react with water. ( 1 The reaction produces spontaneous flammability or, 2 The reaction produces flammable gas.
Examples: Sodium hydride, calcium carbide, potassium metal alloys.
Hazards: Use of water on these materials can cause unwanted reactions or increase fire spread.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Oxidizers “5.1”
Materials that yield Oxygen (O 2 ).
Examples: Chlorates, permanganates, nitrates
.
Hazards: Can greatly increase combustion of flammable materials, also materials with these compounds have the potential to provide both the fuel and oxygen legs of the fire triangle.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Organic Peroxides “5.2”
Materials containing surplus Oxygen plus a hydrocarbon.
Examples: Benzoyl peroxide, Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
Hazards: These “unstable” peroxides have the ability to detonate or deflagrate when contaminated, heated, or deteriorated.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Poisonous Materials / Irritants “6.1”
Materials (other than gases) that are known or suspected to be either toxic or irritating to humans.
Examples: Parathion , potassium arsenate, tear gas, xylyl bromide.
Hazards: Exposure to these materials can cause anything from irritation to death.
If “Inhalation Hazard” then placarded in any quantity.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Etiological Agents or Infectious Organisms “6.2”
Materials that pose a health threat to the public due to infectious abilities.
Examples: Anthrax, blood or body fluid contaminated equipment, AIDS, hepatitis.
Hazards: long term disability from the disease process.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Radioactive Materials “7”
Radioactive I
Materials that give off >= 0.5 millirems/hr. on the outside of the container.
Examples: Chromium 51
Hazards: Radiation exposure.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Radioactive Materials “7”
Radioactive II
Materials that give off >= 0.5 but <= 1.0 millirems/hr. at 3 feet or less from the surface of the container.
Examples: Iodine 131
Hazards: Radiation exposure
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Radioactive Materials “7”
Radioactive III
Materials that give off >= 50 millirems/hr. at container surface, or >= 1.0 millirems/hr. at 3 feet away from the container surface.
Examples: Cobalt 60, Strontium 90.
Hazards: Radiation exposure
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Corrosives “8”
Materials: Liquids or solids that can damage human tissue or steel on contact.
Examples: Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.
Hazards: Damage to skin or metals by a corrosive effect.
HAZ MAT CLASSES
Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials “9”
Materials which could cause annoyance or discomfort to flight crew members, any material subjected to DOT requirements not covered by any other classification.
Examples: Adipic acid, polychlorinated bi phenyls (PCB’s) molten sulfur.
Hazards: Various.
Haz Mat Classes - Other Regulated Materials (ORM’s)
ORM-A (“6.1”)
Materials with anesthetic, irritating or noxious properties.
Examples: Chloroform.
Hazards: Anesthetics, irritants, other types of annoyances
.
Haz Mat Classes - Other Regulated Materials (ORM’s)
ORM-B (“8”)
Materials that can cause significant damage to transport vehicles (Aluminum) if released.
Examples: Metallic mercury, copper chloride.
Hazards: Poisoning, damage to container or transport.
Haz Mat Classes - Other Regulated Materials (ORM’s)
ORM-C (“9”)
Materials unsuitable for shipment unless properly packaged and identified.
Examples:
Hazards: Various.
Haz Mat Classes - Other Regulated Materials (ORM’s)
ORM-D
Materials that present with limited hazards
.
Examples: Small arms ammunition, and consumer commodities
.
Hazards: Various.
Haz Mat Classes - Other Regulated Materials (ORM’s)
ORM-E (“9”)
Materials not otherwise specified elsewhere, Including hazardous wastes.
Examples: Hazardous wastes.
Hazards: Ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, EPA toxicity, meets the TLEP (Toxic leachable extraction procedure).
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Occupancies
Who is the primary occupant?
Industry, manufacturing, storage, business, residence, service, special.
What is the primary “product”?
Raw materials, finished foods, synthetics, plastics, chemicals, consumer goods, industrial goods, commercial products.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Location (s) Where Hazardous Materials Incidents may occur.
Roadways
Railways
Waterways
Airways
Pipelines
Fixed Facilities
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Container Shapes and Size.
Boxes, drums, barrels, pails, cans, bottles.
Dewars, Cylanders, carboys, portable tanks, tote tanks.
Radioactive-fiberboard boxes, steel containers, lead or parafin lined containers
Intermodal containers, semi-trailers, dry bulk carriers, intermodal trailers.
Highway containers, railway containers
.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
MC 306 DOT 406
Atmospheric pressure
Elliptical end profile
Rollover protection
Bottom mounted control box
Normally aluminum construction
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
MC 307 / DOT 407
Low pressure <= 40 psi @ 70 F
Round or horseshoe end profile
Internal stiffeners
Often double shelled
Usually a single top manhole
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
MC 312 / DOT 412
Pressure not exceeding 75 psi
Exterior stiffening rings
Circular end profile
Top loading and unloading stations
Exterior piping
“Corrosive carriers”
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
MC 331
Pressure between 100-500 psi
Transports “liquefied” compressed gases
Circular cross sections
Hemispherical ends
Bolted manhole at upper rear of trailer
Bottom loading and unloading stations
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
Tube Trailers (High Pressure)
Pressures between 600-5,000 psi
Carry compressed gases
Usually several horizontal tubes
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
MC 338
Cryogenic Liquid carriers
Contain liquefied gases
Large bulky tanks
Piping in flat rear section of the tank
Enclosed loading and unloading stations, rear or side.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Highway Cargo Tank Trailers
Dry Bulk Carriers
Normally don’t transport hazardous materials
V-shaped bottom outlets
Molten Product Carriers
Normally carry molten roducts (ie. sulfur)
Large insulated metal containers
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Rail Cars
Box Cars
Constructed of steel and wood
Can transport almost any commodity
Often difficult to identify the specific commodity carried
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Rail Cars
Containers on flat cars /trailers on flat cars (COFC’s / TOFC’s)
Intermodal containers designed for air, rail, highway, or sea transport.
Highway trailers riding on flat cars
Contents can be any commodity shipped by this medium
Identification can be hampered by COFC’s being stacked in “well” cars
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Rail Cars
Non-pressure cars
Exposed piping, fittings, and dome covers.
May have multiple compartments.
Pressure usually < 100 psi.
Transport general service, caustics, corn syrup, alcohol, etc.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Rail Cars
Pressurized
No exposed piping, or fittings.
Protective housing on top.
Normally are not compartmentalized.
May be insulated.
Transport flammables, poisons, liquefied compressed gases, etc.
Pressures of 100 - 600 psi.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Rail Cars
Cryogenic
Contains temperature minus 130 degrees F or lower.
Containers are “tank within a tank” Insulated with a vacuum between the tanks.
Contents are protected for 30 days in this arrangement.
Fittings and PRDs are located in ground level cabinets located on the side or ends of the tank.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Hazard Class (located at the bottom of DOT Placards)
Class 1 = Explosives
Class 2.1 = Flammable Gases (Compressed)
Class 2.2 = Non-Flammable, Non-Poisonous gases (Compressed).
Class 2.3 = Poisonous gases (Compressed). (Poison “A”)
Class 3 = Flammable or Combustible liquids.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Hazard Class (located at the bottom of DOT Placards)
Class 4.1 = Flammable Solids
Class 4.2 = Spontaneously combustible solids
Class 4.3 = Dangerous when wet materials
Class 5.1 = Oxidizers
Class 5.2 = Organic Peroxides
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Hazard Class (located on the bottom of DOT placards)
Class 6.1 = Poisonous material (other than gases)
Class 6.2 = Infectious substances
Class 7 = Radioactive materials
Class 8 = Corrosive materials
Class 9 = Miscellaneous hazardous materials
ORM-D Materials with limited transportation hazards due to form, quantity, and packaging.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
United Nations / North American (UN/NA) numbers
Four digit number assigned to general catagories of hazards.
Identified as the numbers located in the middle of DOT Placards.
Some UN/NA numbers relate to specific materials.
Can be located in references like the Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG).
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
NFPA 704-M System
Used for fixed facilities.
Four Diamond configuration.
Color & numeric coding
BLUE = HEALTH
RED = FLAMMABILITY
YELLOW = REACTIVITY
WHITE = SPECIAL HAZARD
Identifies the highest hazard present.
Is non-specific in material identification.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
NFPA 704-M System
Numeric rating system
USED FOR HEALTH, FLAMMABILITY, & REACTIVITY.
0 - 4 NUMERIC ASSIGNMENT FOR HAZARD SEVERITY.
0 = NONE / LEAST
4 = HIGHEST / EXTREME
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
NFPA 704-M System
Special hazard diamond (WHITE)
OXY = OXIDIZER
W = DANGEROUS WHEN WET
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
Pipeline Markers
Locations:
RAILROAD CROSSINGS
PUBLIC ROAD CROSSINGS
ALONG THE PIPELINE
Markings:
“WARNING”
COMMODITY INFORMATION
CARRIER NAME, AND PHONE NUMBER
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
Agricultural Chemicals and Pesticides
Signal Words
DANGER / POISON
WARNING
CAUTION
Extremely Flammable (if flash point is below 80 degrees F)
EPA Registration number
EPA Establishment number
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
Agricultural Chemicals and Pesticides
Miscellaneous Information
ROUTE OF ENTRY
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
DISPOSAL INFORMATION
FIRST AID INFORMATION
POISONING ANTIDOTE INFORMATION
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding System
Indicates primary hazard class of the material.
Used for loads >= 1,001 pounds.
Placards are located on all 4 sides of the vehicle
The following commodities must be placarded in any amount:
1 - EXPLOSIVES “A” & “B” “1.1 - 1.3”, 2 - POISON “A” “2.3”, 3 - RADIOACTIVE III, 4 - DANGEROUS WHEN WET, 5 - POISON “INHALATION HAZARD” “6.1”.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Components of placards
10 3/4” X 10 3/4” DIAMONDS.
COLOR CODED.
SYMBOL.
WORD(S).
IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS (UN/NA NUMBERS).
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
EXPLOSIVES
UN CLASS NUMBER = “A”, “B”, “C”, (“1” = 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5,, 1.6)
COLOR = ORANGE
SYMBOL = EXPLODING BOMB
WORD(S) = EXPLOSIVES, BLASTING AGENTS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Poison Gas
UN CLASS NUMBER = “2”
COLOR = WHITE BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = SKULL AND CROSSBONES
WORD(S) = POISON GAS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Flammable Gas
UN CLASS NUMBER = “2”
COLOR = RED BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = FLAME
WORD(S) = FLAMMABLE GAS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Non-Flammable Gas
UN CLASS NUMBER = “2”
COLOR = GREEN BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = GAS CYLINDER
WORD(S) = NON-FLAMMABLE GAS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Chlorine
UN CLASS NUMBER = “2”
COLOR = WHITE BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = SKULL & CROSSBONES
WORD(S) = CHLORINE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Oxygen (Liquified)
UN CLASS NUMBER = “2”
COLOR = YELLOW BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = FLAMING “O”
WORD(S) = OXYGEN
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Flammable Liquids
UN CLASS NUMBER = “3”
COLOR = RED BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = WHITE FLAME
WORD(S) = FLAMMABLE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Combustible Liquids
UN CLASS NUMBER = “3”
COLOR = RED BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = WHITE FLAME
WORD(S) = COMBUSTIBLE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Flammable Solid
UN CLASS NUMBER = “4”
COLOR = RED & WHITE VERTICAL STRIPES BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = BLACK FLAME
WORD(S) = FLAMMABLE SOLID
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Spontaneously Combustible
UN CLASS NUMBER = “4”
COLOR = WHITE OVER RED 1/2 & 1/2 BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = BLACK FLAME
WORD(S) = SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Dangerous When Wet (Flammable Solid)
UN CLASS NUMBER = “4”
COLOR = 1- BLUE OVER RED & WHITE VERTICAL STRIPE, 2 - ALL BLUE BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = SLASH THRU W, WHITE FLAME
WORD(S) = 1-FLAMMABLE SOLID, 2-DANGEROUS WHEN WET
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Oxidizer
UN CLASS NUMBER = “5” & “5.1”
COLOR = YELLOW BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = FLAMING “O”
WORD(S) = OXIDIZER
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Organic Peroxide
UN CLASS NUMBER = “5” & “5.2”
COLOR = YELLOW BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = FLAMING “O”
WORD(S) = ORGANIC PEROXIDE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Poison
UN CLASS NUMBER = “6”
COLOR = WHITE BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = SKULL & CROSSBONES
WORD(S) = POISON
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Keep Away From Foodstuffs
UN CLASS NUMBER = “6”
COLOR = WHITE BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = WHEAT GRAIN & ST. ANDREWS CROSS
WORD(S) = HARMFUL STOW AWAY FROM FOODSTUFFS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Radioactives
UN CLASS NUMBER “7”
COLOR = YELLOW / WHITE (1/2 & 1/2) BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = BLACK PROPELLOR
WORD(S) = RADIOACTIVE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Corrosive
UN CLASS NUMBER = “8”
COLOR = WHITE ON BLACK BACKGROUND
SYMBOL = TEST TUBES DRIPPING ON HAND AND STEEL
WORD(S) = CORROSIVE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Dangerous
UN CLASS NUMBER = NO CLASS WITH HM 181
COLOR = WHITE AND RED BACKGROUND
SYMBOL =
WORD(S) = DANGEROUS
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Marking Systems
DOT Placarding
Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances
UN CLASS NUMBER = “9”
COLOR = BLACK OVER WHITE
SYMBOL = BLACK & WHITE VERTICAL STRIPES TOP HALF OF PLACARD
Residue Placards
UN CLASS NUMBER = VARIES
COLOR = VARIOUS
SYMBOL = VARIOUS
WORD(S) = RESIDUE
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Printed Resource Materials
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Information contained on MSDS
CHEMICAL NAME, CHEMICAL FORMULA, CHEMICAL FAMILY, COMMON SYNONYM
MANUFACTURERS NAME, EMERGENCY PHONE NUMBER, HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS.
EXPOSURE LIMITS, PHYSICAL DATA, FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARDS, & HEALTH HAZARDS.
REACTIVITY DATA, SPILL & LEAK PROCEDURES, PROTECTION INFORMATION, SPECIAL INFORMATION.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Printed Resource Materials
Materials Safety Data Sheets
Mandated by 29 CFR 1910.1200
Location: 1 - In all work areas, 2 - At a central location, employees must have free access to MSDS.
Must be provided to the jurisdiction having authority upon request.
Are produced by the manufacturers
Are not required to employ a consistent format.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Printed Resource Materials
Shipping Papers
Highway - “Bill of Lading”. Within arms reach of the driver.
Rail - “Waybill / Consist”. With the conductor, engine or caboose.
Air - “Airbill”. Within reach of the pilot.
Water - “Dangerous Cargo Manifest”. On the bridge or pilot house. Or in “mail box” on a barge.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Printed Resource Materials
Shipping Papers
Information on shipping papers
PROPER SHIPPING NAME.
CLASSIFICATION.
DOT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.
HIGHLIGHTING THE HAZARDOUS COMMODITY.
SHIPPERS NAME & ADDRESS, CONSIGNEES NAME & ADDRESS.
In emergencies the shipping papers should be located where indicated, but not always, Caveat Emptor.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Miscellaneous Clues to Haz Mat Identification
Bystander reports, Visual & physical chemical indicators, Reported odors, Vapor clouds, Fire or Chemical reactions, Pooled liquids, Release sounds, Condensation, & Victims or casualties from exposure.
HAZ MAT INDICATORS
Limitations of using senses.
Visual is a safe sense to employ from a distance.
The senses of smell, taste, or touch, are unacceptable methods of identifying hazardous materials.
The auditory sense is not often an accurate measure of the hazards present at the scene of an incident.
Surveying the Hazardous Materials Incident
Difficulties in determining the specific chemical names.
Shipping papers may be unavailable.
Inventories may be unavailable.
Contents of the containers may be unknown.
There may be conflicting reports of contents.
There may be different or inaccurate lists of commodities.
Surveying the Hazardous Materials Incident
Sources of Information
Transportation
Placards & Labels.
Shipping Papers.
The operator of the vehicles.
Reporting marks on containers (rail & highway).
Consignee, Shipper.
ERG (Emergency Response Guidebook).
CHEMTREC
Surveying the Hazardous Materials Incident
Fixed Facilities
Facility manager.
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet).
Inspection Records.
Pre-incident tours & surveys.
Technical safety specialists.
Employees.
NFPA 704 M
Surveying the Hazardous Materials Incident
Survey cautions!!!!!
Recognition and identification are the primary tools needed by the response personnel.
The only difference between victims and responders is merely a matter of perspective, location, and identification.
If the responder cannot recognize and identify the presence of hazardous materials then the incident becomes excerebrated and chaos will rule.
Thermal
Mechanical
Poisonous
Corrosive
Ways Hazardous Materials Harm
Asphyxiation
Radiation
Etiological
Psychological
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials (Thermal)
Flash Point
Minimum temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air with an outside source of ignition.
Fire Point
Temperature at which vapors will support combustion.
Usually a few degrees above flash point.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials (Thermal)
Ignition Temperature.
Energy required to ignite a substance without an outside source of ignition.
This temperature is equivalent to the “auto ignition” temperature.
The ignition temperature is a measure of the energy required to ignite a substance.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials (Thermal)
Flammability Range
Range of flammable vapors in air.
LEL / LFL (LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT / LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT) THE LOWEST CONCENTRATION OF VAPOR IN AIR THAT CAN SUPPORT COMBUSTION.
UEL / UFL (UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT / UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT)THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF VAPOR IN AIR THAT CAN SUPPORT COMBUSTION.
THE FLAMMABLE RANGE IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE LEL/LFL & UEL/UFL.
COLLECTING HAZARD INFORMATION
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials
Specific Gravity
The weight of a liquid or solid in relation to water. Water is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0.
COMMODITIES WITH A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF < 1.0 WILL FLOAT ON WATER.
COMMODITIES WITH A SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF > 1.O WILL SINK IN WATER.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Porperties of Hazardous Materials
Vapor Density
The weight of a vapor or gas in relation to an equal volume of air. Air is arbitrarily assigned a value of 1.0
VAPORS AND GASES <1.0 WILL TEND TO RISE.
VAPORS AND GASES >1.0 WILL TEND TO SINK.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials
Boiling Point
Temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas/vapor.
At the boiling point the vapor pressure of the substance will be >= atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point is the measure of thermal energy exerted on a liquid. Atmospheric pressure will affect the boiling point accordingly.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials
Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by a liquid in a container at equillibrium. The point of equillibrium is where a liquid vaporizes, condenses to the liquid phase then vaporizes again.
VAPOR PRESSURE IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE. AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES - VAPOR PRESSURE ALSO INCREASES.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Properties of Hazardous Materials
Melting Point / Freezing Point (MP / FP)
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
Since only vapors burn and solids must be vaporized to burn a process must occur to make this possible, the term for a solid changing directly into a vapor is call sublimation.
Materials below the MP will be solids, above the BP will be vapors and those between the two will be liquids.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Conditions of the Scene
Leaks or Spills (Thermal Hazards)
May be ignited.
Eliminate ignition sources.
Can produce vapor clouds that if ignited will travel back to the source.
Determine if the release is continuous, sporadic, or terminated.
Collecting Hazard Information
Physical Conditions of Containers
Container Failure (Thermal & Mechanical Hazards)
Over pressurization.
Damage to the container structure.
Sudden Heat Induced Tear(s) [SHIT].
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE)
CAN OCCUR IN CONTAINERS OF FLAMMABLE OR COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS AT OR ABOVE THEIR BOILING POINTS.
COMPLETE CONTAINER FAILURE, THIS FAILURE CAN OCCUR WITHOUT WARNING.
Collecting Hazard Information
Mechanical Hazards
Explosion shock waves.
Fragmentation of containers with flying debris.
Thermal exposure due to fire or reaction
.
Collecting Hazard Information
Toxicity (Poisons)
Poisons
Nerve agents
Anesthetics
Narcotics
All these agents affect the Central Nervous System (CNS).
Collecting Hazard Information
Toxicity (Corrosives)
Corrosives
Acids
CAUSE IMMEDIATE TISSUE DAMAGE.
ARE PAINFUL UPON INITIAL CONTACT.
CAN RESULT IN 1ST, 2ND, OR 3RD DEGREE CHEMICAL BURNS.
SHOULD BE TREATED WITH COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF WATER.
BURNING AROUND MUCOSAL MEMBRANES UPON VAPOR CONTACT.
Collecting Hazard Information
Toxicity (Corrosives)
Alkalines / Bases
Cause delayed tissue damage, saponification.
Are not immediately painful upon initial contact.
React with moisture to liberate heat.
Should be brushed off dry and then treated with copious amounts of water.
Can cause more severe damage than acids.
Collecting Hazard Information
Toxicity (Asphyxiants)
Asphyxiants
Simple Asphyxiants
INERT GASES THAT DISPLACE OXYGEN, THEREBY CAUSING HYPOXIA AND ANOXIA.
Chemical Asphyxiants
INTERRUPTS THE BODIES ABILITY TO USE OXYGEN.
EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN SULFIDE, HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
Effects organisms externally and internally.
Types of Radiation:
ALPHA
BETA
GAMMA
NEUTRON
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
ALPHA
Is a physical particle.
Least powerful.
Low penetrating energy.
If inhaled or ingested they will cause Ionizing damage to the cellular structure.
Small sized (Helium nucleus core).
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
BETA
Is a physical particle.
Smaller than Alpha (electron sized).
Higher penetrating energy.
Can cause skin damage.
Exposure through ingestion, inhalation, or compromised skin surface.
Level “A” protective clothing with SCBA.
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
GAMMA
Is an energy beam, not a particle.
The most dangerous “common” radiation.
The penetrating energy of Gamma is 100 times greater than Beta, and 1,000 times greater than Alpha.
Causes cellular ionization damage upon exposure.
Requires expert specialized handling, shielding, and expertise.
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
NEUTRON
The highest energy radiation.
Neutron rays are rare.
These rays penetrate virtually everything.
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
Protection from Radiation
Time - Limit exposure duration.
Distance - As distance increases the exposure reduces by the square of the distance.
Shielding - Material shielding is enhanced by the density of the shielding material and the physical thickness of the shielding.
Collecting Hazard Information
Radiation
Health Hazards
Radiation Sickness; caused by exposure to large doses of readiation, can take days or weeks for symptoms to appear.
Radiation injury; usually localized, normally confined to the hands.
Radiation Poisoning; Caused by internal absorption of Alpha or Beta particles.
Collecting Hazard Information
Etiologic Hazards
Carcinogens; Cancer causing agents.
Mutagens; Agent that cause genetic mutations.
Teratogens; Agents that have deleteriouseffects upon a fetus in vivo.
These health hazards can be delayed for years or decades, mutagens may not appear for 1 - 2 generations.
Collecting Hazard Information
Psychological
The psychological impact from responding to hazardous materials incidents can have a profound effect upon the responder. These effects will differ from person to person.
Critical Incident Stress Dibriefings are often associated with extreme incidents. This is the type of pro-active briefings that can alleviate the stress that first responders may encounter at incidents.
Collecting Hazard Information
Routes of Entry
Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection
Absorption
Collecting Hazard Information
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
DOT Identification number - Yellow section.
Chemical Name - Blue section.
Initial Evacuation Distances - Green section.
Listed hazards
FIRE OR EXPLOSION
HEALTH
HAZARDS ARE LISTED BY SEVERITY (MOST SEVERE FIRST), THIS DOES NOT
Incident Planning
Local Emergency Planning Commission
Should contain all the information required by the Federal, State, & Local Planning agencies.
Local emergency response plans should be kept in a centralized location that allows for easy access by all parties.
Plans should be reviewed at least annually by members of all response agencies.
ANY CHANGES TO PLANS NEED TO BE DISTRIBUTED TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE RESPONSE COMMUNITY.
Normally the local Emergency Management Agency (EMA formerly ESDA) will be responsible for maintaining the plans.
Incident Planning
Standard Operating Procedures / Guidelines
Required by 29 CFR 1910.120, & 40 CFR 311.
All Fire Departments / Districts should have written SOP’s that provide guidelines to response personnel.
SOP’s should be concise, easy to read, and simple to implement. Complex SOP’s tend to result in diminished returns of effectiveness.
SOP’s need to be reviewed at least annually by all department personnel.
Incident Planning
ERG Protective Action Distances
Protective action distances located in the orange bordered section are for initial incident response, or if material is involved in fire.
Protective action distances located in the green bordered section are employed with actual or potential leaks of materials that are not on fire.
Incident Planning
Awareness Incident Response Role(s)
IDENTIFY - Recognize the “material” / “incident” is hazardous.
ISOLATE - Protect responders and the public from further harm (SECURE THE SCENE).
NOTIFY - Alert the appropriate agencies.
MITIGATE - At the awareness level mitigation consists of 1 - 3.
TERMINATE - Ending the incident in an orderly fashion.
Incident Planning
Precautions at Incidents
Rendering Medical Care: During treatment of “contaminated” victims or personnel the highest priority is protection of responders, and EMS personnel.
Uncontrolled ignition sources.
VEHICLES, PILOT LIGHTS, SMOKING MATERIALS, FLARE OR FUSEES, FRICTION, CHEMICAL REACTION, & ENERGIZED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT.
Incident Planning
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
Definitions:
Isolate and deny entry.
UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL NOT ALLOWED IN THE ISOLATION AREA.
AFTER IDENTIFICATION - ISOLATION IS THE NEXT PRIORITY.
EMPLOYED TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE INCIDENT AREA.
Incident Planning
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
Definitions:
Evacuate - Removal of people from threatened area to a safe haven.
REQUIRES LEAD TIME TO WARN THE POPULANCE.
IF POSSIBLE AN EXCELLENT PROTECTIVE ACTION.
INITIATE AS CLOSE TO THE INCIDENT AS POSSIBLE.
EXPAND THE AREA DOWNWIND AND CROSSWIND AS REQUIRED.
SEND EVACUEES TO UPWIND HAVENS BY DESIGNATED ROUTES.
KEEP THE EVACUATION CONTROLLED AND ORDERLY.
Incident Planning
Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
Definitions
In-Place Protection / Protection in Place. To contain people within the structures they’re in, until the danger passes.
CLOSE ALL EXTERIOR OPENINGS.
SECURE HVAC AND AIR EXCHANGE UNITS.
EVACUATION OPTION IS TOO HAZARDOUS.
NOT ACCEPTABLE IF THE VAPORS ARE EXPLOSIVE.
BUILDINGS ARE SAFER THAN VEHICLES, BUT MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR SHORT TIME PERIODS.
Incident Planning
Isolation Zones
Shape of the isolation zones.
Initial isolation is circular.
Protective action zones. Rectangular / Triangular from point of origin.
Incident Planning
Isolation Zones
Spill sizes
Small spills
INVOLVES A SINGLE SMALL PACKAGE (<55 GALLONS), SMALL CYLINDER, OR SMALL LEAK FROM A LARGE CONTAINER.
Large spills
INVOLVES SPILLS OF GREATER MAGNITUDE FROM A LARGE CONTAINER OR NUMEROUS SMALL CONTAINERS.
Incident Planning
Isolation Zones
Techniques employed to secure the scene:
Physical barriers.
Fire Service personnel.
Law Enforcement personnel.
Use of media.