Transcript North, Central, and South America

North, Central, and South
America
Native Empires
• North American Empires
– Southwest USA
• Hohokam
– 300-500 AD
– Irrigation systems to survive in desert
• Pueblo
– Adobe homes made of sun dried bricks
– Plains
• Sioux, ect
– Teepee’s to hunt buffalo
– Eastern Woodland
• Hopewell
– Mount builders, 300-500 BC
• Mississippians
– Lived along the Mississippi RIver
Native Empires
• Central and South America
– Olmec
• 1200-400 BC (oldest)
• Mexico, farming society
– Maya
• Yucatan Peninsula to El Salvador
• Gifted in math and science
• Multiple Gods
Native Empires
• Central and South America
– Aztec
• Warriors who settled @ Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)
• Grew in power…1400 AD had more than 200,000
• Worshipped sun, life dominated by military
– Inca
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Andes Mountains of South America
By 1400 stretched from Peru to Chile
Very smart (roads, forts, irrigation)
Made a common language (Quechua)
European Colonization
• Spanish
– Theme:
• explore the Caribbean, Central, and South America.
• Initially looking for a route to Asia, they turned to
finding gold/sliver.
– Christopher Columbus
• First explorer from Spain
• Trying to find the East Indies (India) for trade
– Ponce de Leon
• Explored Florida
European Colonization
• Spanish cont..
– Francisco Pizarro
• Led expedition into South America (Peru to Chile)
• Destroyed the Inca’s
– Hernan Cortes
• Captured Aztec leader Montezuma
• Brought small pox to the Aztec..destroyed them
– Results of Spanish
• Native life was destroyed by small pox
• Immediate wealth for Spain (Silver and Gold)
• Slavery began to grow…eventually Africans were used
European Colonization
• France
– Theme:
• During the 1500s, the French colonized northern North
America (Canada).
• Began early settlements that centered on fur trade
– Jacques Cartier
• Early Explorer
– Samuel de Champlain
• Founded Quebec
– Robert Cavelier de La Salle
• Sailed down the Mississippi River
European Colonization
• France cont..
– Marquette and Joliet
• Explored Upper Midwest
– Julien Dubuque
• First European in Iowa
– Louis XIV
• French Ruler for 62 years….strengthened France but led
to more instability with other countries.
• Eventually France’s continual wars made it difficult for
them to control land in the Americas
European Colonization
• Portugal
– Theme: Was the first country to begin exploring a way
to get to India by sea
– Early explorers gained control on islands around India
– Eventually lost strength, invaded by Spain.
– Brazil became the only part of the America’s where
they were able to continue to control.
– Map on 396-397
United States Imperialism
• Imperialism
• When powerful countries try to dominate weaker
countries; usually to try to get resources or power
• US Interests
– Why: Lot of interest of goods from Latin America
– Spanish-American War
• 1898; fighting over Cuba
• US declared war after the Maine was sunk and Spanish
refused to leave Cuba (American economic interest)
• Quick victory for the United States
United States Imperialism
• US Interests in Panama
– Why: Create a canal that would prevent ships from
making the 13,000 mile trip around South America
– Panama won its freedom and the United States began
to build with Panama Canal in 1914
– Great Engineering Feat:
• Power Shovels and Other Machines
• Discovered that mosquitoes caused yellow fever
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Mexico
– Independence
• Revolts against Spain began in 1810
• In 1823, rebels overthrew General Inturbide, making Mexico
a republic.
– Modern Revolution
• Porfirio Diaz: Dictator for 1880-1910, most people very poor
• Revolt followed by several years of civil war and unrest
• Pancho Villa:
– Rebel leader who decided to attack America cities
– US Military got involved in Mexico…until getting involved in WWI
• Mexico remained unstable
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Mexico cont…
– PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)
• Had firm control over the government from WWII to 1970.
– Economy
• 1970’s: huge gains because of new found oil
• 1980’s: borrowed too much $ and the world oil boom
decreased
• 1985: 10,000 people died in a Mexico City earthquake
• 1990s: More problems until government spending cuts
helped spur recovery. (President Clinton also gave Mexico a
billion dollar aid package)
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Mexico cont..
– Emigration
• Because of awful economic conditions, hundreds of
thousands of Mexicans have left Mexico for USA
• This has caused problems for both countries
– Political Change
• In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency (had it since 1929)
– Issues today
• Drug related violence and trade has increased dramatically
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Canada
– Independence
• Both British settlers in Ontario and French settlers in Quebec
dislike foreign British control
• Instead of fighting the people of Canada (like they did with US
colonists), the British decided to give people rights.
• By 1848 GB gave Canada the power to govern themselves
• 1867: Four provinces (similar to American States)were created
(Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick)
• Gold and westward movement led to all the Provinces being
created by 1905. (Map on 606)
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Canada cont..
– Relationship w/ USA
• Very strong after WWII
• Both US and Canada worked on DEW line to protect from Soviet
Airstrikes
• Both USA and Canada became leaders in NATO and UN
• North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
– This eliminated tariffs between countries (controversial)
– Exports
• Ag related, minerals, industries
– Quebec
• French dominated province of Canada
• Continue to vote to separate from Canada.
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Causes of Anger in Central/South America
• Charles III of Spain wanted to gain more control of the
lands in Central and South America
• These changes benefited Spain while causing problems
throughout Central and South America
• Simon Bolivar: Leader of multiple revolutions against
Spanish rule throughout Central and South America
• Bolivar, Jose Francisco de San Martin and Bernardo O
Higgins had all spent time in Europe and North
America..giving them ideas Independence and
Enlightenment
• Map (623)
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Haiti
– Controlled by France (Napoleon)
– Slave and free mulattoes revolt during French Rev
– In 1804, Haiti became the first independent
country in Latin America
• Bloodless Revolutions
– Argentina: Won freedom in 1810
– Paraguay: Won freedom in 1811
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Conflict
– Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”)
• Started a revolt in Venezuela area in 1810 (Gran Colombia)
• By 1821, the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and
Panama were all free from Spain
– San Martin and O’Higgins
• Drove the Spanish out of Chile
• Finally able to drive the Spanish out of Peru and Bolivia
– Brazil
• Declared independence from Portugal in 1822 (Dom Pedro I
and II)
– Uruguay
Early 20th Century Latin America
• Industries
– Oil and other mined materials were found in many countries in
Central and South America
• Social
– Rapid Growth of Cities
• Mexico City, Rio de Janerio, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires
• Political
– Many countries struggled with competing political parties
– Great Depression led to awful economic times and many
government overthrows
• USA
– Tried to stay out of the affairs of Latin America during the 1930s.
• Created over compromise on land dispute between Argentina and
Brazil
Late 20th Century Latin American
Issues
• Economics
• 2 Ways to grow: Develop national industries or invite
foreign companies to do business
• Monoculture: Relying on 1 or 2 groups or minerals for
exporting. This has hurt Latin American countries
• Some larger countries were able to quit importing
some goods and began producing themselves.
• Debt: By the 1980s, most Latin American countries had
went into debt. In the 1970s, countries borrowed to
build industry…couldn’t pay it back
• Began to print more money…which led to inflation
• NAFTA and Mercosur: Trade agreements to help each
other out.
20th Century Latin America cont.
• Population
• Huge increase since WWII. Population has tripled by the
mid 1990s. Expected to continue to grow until mid 2020s.
• More than 1/3 of people live in poverty…and that number
keeps growing.
• Cities have grown the fasted, which has caused many
problems. Pollution is also a problem with overcrowding
• Women’s Rights
• Women first got the right to vote in 1961 and have become
more of a powerful force.
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Cuba
– Cuba was close with the USA until 1950s
– Fidel Castro
• Won control of Cuba in 1959 from Fulgencio Batista
• Castro’s government began to veer towards communism
• Communism is where the government has complete control
over everything
• Not supported by all Cubans (especially upper class)
– Bay Of Pigs
• An organized attempt to train Cuban refugees to overthrown
Castro’s government
• Huge failure for the Kennedy Administration
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Cuba cont…
– Relationship w/ USSR
• Castro allowed the USSR to build nuclear missile sites on
Cuba
• This led to the Cuban Missile Crisis
– Castro’s Influence
• Tried to influence other Latin American countries to become
communist
– Recent History
• Cuba was economically dependent on USSR due to US trade
restrictions
• After USSR collapse, Cuba has had a poor economy, which
led to many people trying to leave the country
• Relationship has gotten a little better with the US over the
last few years
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Puerto Rico
– Relationship with USA
• Became tight with USA in 1898 after Spanish American War
• In 1917 became a US territory
• By 1947, Puerto Rico had own government and people
were citizens of the USA
• Today it is considered a commonwealth of the USA
• Big debate is whether it should be added as 51st state
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Dominican Republic and Haiti
– Shares the island with neighbor Haiti
– Dominica Republic History
• Lots of problems keeping a stable government throughout early
history (1930-1960)
• Recently: More democracy and an up and down economic
situation since 1966. Reliant on sugar and tourism
– Haiti History
• Was the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere thanks to
poor rule during the 1960s.
• Jean-Bertrand Aristide became first elected president in 1990
• Horrible earthquake in 2010.
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Smaller Countries
– Jamaica became first smaller country to get
independence, soon followed by Barbados and
Trinidad and Tobago (all from GB)
– Grenada, Antigua/Barbuda, St Kitts and Nevis,
Dominica, St Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia all
gained independence in the early 1980s
– Grenada: Revolution in the early 1980s that the US
had to help out in.
Central America Issues
• General theme:
• Economic growth after WWII only benefited a small
segment of the population in most countries
• Nicaragua
• Revolution against the government was led by a group
called the Sandinistas (friends with Cuba/communism)
• Opposition to the Sandinistas grew in the USA during 1980s
• Contras: US funded group that began a guerilla war to
overthrow the Sandinistas.
• By 1990, the Sandinistas lost power. Nicaragua has not
really recovered from the conflict.
Central America Issues
• El Salvador
– Violence
• The 1980s were marked by continual violence between
different groups of people wanting power
• By 1992, 80,000 had been killed
• Has settled down recently
• Panama
– Canal
• US Signed a treaty that gave Panama control of the Canal in
1999
– Bad Relationship w/ USA
• Manuel Noriega (Dictator) was accused helping South
Americans bring drugs to the USA.
• He was captured and arrested by Bush Sr
SA Independence, Histories and Issues
• Brazil
– Government: Very unstable from 1945-1960
– Economy
• Foreign investors were encouraged to invest in Brazil, led to
the Brazilian Miracle.
• Great for awhile, however Brazil went into huge debt
• By the mid 1990’s Brazil had made significant economic
strides under Fernando Cardoso
– Present Day
• Brazil will play host to the 2014 World Cup and the 2016
Summer Olymics
•Independence, Histories and Issues
• Argentina
– Post WWII
• Ruled by Juan Peron and his very popular wife/actress (Evita)
• So popular with the people they built a dictatorship
• When Evita died of cancer, Juan Peron was forced out of power
in 1955.
• Juan Peron eventually came back and was re-elected in 1973
• He died and his wife Isabel became the first female president
in the Americas.
• Did not last long….military took control in 1976.
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Modern Argentina
– Dirty War
• Military launched an all-out war on opponents in 1976
– Falkland Islands
• By Argentina, controlled by Great Britain.
• Argentina tried to invade but was denied by GB, huge
embarrassment for government
• Things have been much more stable and peaceful since
• Wage and Price Controls have helped economy
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Peru
– Problems
• Poor economy, bad governments, Drugs
• Competing Guerilla Groups
– MRTA attacked urban areas while the Sendero Luminoso
fought for a communist country.
• Alberto Fujimori
– Became leader in 1990. Did some good and bad things.
Helped the economy but was also accused of having death
squads that took out opposition
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Columbia
– Problems
• Awful civil war (La Violencia) from 1945-1957
• Eventually two sides began to get along and ruled together
until 1970
• Drugs
– 1970s: People in Columbia realized they could get rich making
cocaine and marijuana and selling it to the USA/Europe
– Medellin Cartel: Became the leaders of the drug trade in Columbia
– Drug Lords sponsored violence on political organizations
– Has not got much better….Cali Cartel controlled over 70% of worlds
cocaine by 1995
– Pablo Escobar
Independence, Histories and Issues
• Chile
– Stable until 1970
– Salvador Allende: Socialist elected President
• Eventually he was killed in a military coup
– Augusto Pinochet:
• Got rid of government control of economy
• With foreign aid, things improved during the 1980s
– Today Chile is a relatively stable country