Transcript Escalators: 30 degree incline is standard

Escalators:
30 degree incline is standard
how escalators work
• Each step in the escalator has two sets of
wheels, which roll along two separate
tracks. The upper set (the wheels near the
top of the step) are connected to the
rotating chains, and so are pulled by the
drive gear at the top of the escalator. The
other set of wheels simply glides along its
track, following behind the first set.
• The tracks are spaced apart in such a
way that each step will always remain
level. At the top and bottom of the
escalator, the tracks level off to a
horizontal position, flattening the stairway.
Each step has a series of grooves in it, so
it will fit together with the steps behind it
and in front of it during this flattening.
individual steps
handrails
• In addition to rotating the main chain
loops, the electric motor in an escalator
also moves the handrails. A handrail is
simply a rubber conveyer belt that is
looped around a series of wheels. This
belt is precisely configured so that it
moves at exactly the same speed as the
steps, to give riders some stability.
escalator speed
• Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet
per minute to 180 feet per minute (27 to 55
meters per minute). An escalator moving
145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry more
than 10,000 people an hour -- many more
people than a standard elevator.
catalog houses
• Sears Catalogue Homes - Between 1908
and 1940, Sears customers ordered over
75,000 houses from Sears Roebuck and
Company mail-order catalogs. Prices for
these build-it-yourself kit houses ranged
from $600 to $6000.
• The customer selected a house design
from the Sears Modern Homes catalog.
They received a bill of materials list and
full blueprints. A few weeks after the order
was placed, two boxcars containing
approximately 30,000 pieces of house
would arrive at the nearest train depot.
• A 75-page instruction book told
homeowners how to assemble those
pieces. The best way to identify a Sears
home is to obtain a copy of the original
Houses By Mail catalogue.
Millwork:
casework, cabinetry, moldings, veneer
• the design, manufacture, and installation of
casegoods, and millwork can make up a
significant portion of an interiors project.
• imagine that you were designing the interior of a
book shop, for example. numerous book
shelves, book cases, display cases, and
perhaps reading tables could be included in the
interior designing work.
millwork includes:
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Reception and Lobby Area
Furniture and Millwork
University Furnishings
Custom Kitchens and Baths
Entertainment Centers and Casegoods
Podiums and Lecturns
Signage
reception and lobby millwork
Chicago Dowel Company, Inc. is
America's leading manufacturer of wooden
dowel pins and related wood products. We
are a supplier to many industries including
cabinet & casegoods, furniture, door, and
millwork
these may be described as 'millwork' by
companies who make such items
wood molding can be made in
almost any shape
a cross section drawing is done to
communicate the desired shape of the
moulding
Cabinets
kitchen cabinets are typically modular,
standardized, and available in different quality
levels & prices
'shop drawings'
• when a project calls for custom millwork,
or for specialized cabinetry and
installation, the designer sends design
drawings to the fabricator, who in turn,
makes 'shop drawings'.
• the shop drawings are the fabricator's
interpretation of what the design drawings
have proposed.
• the shop drawings communicate the precise,
dimensioned, and specific material character of the item.
• the designer then checks the shop drawings to be sure
that they are an accurate interpretation of the design
drawings.
• the fabricator will begin making the item after receiving
the approved shop drawings back from the designer.
each individual cabinet is identified with
a number
dimensions are coordinated with
the interior designer
a typical design drawing of a
kitchen cabinet layout
a typical shop drawing
cabinet drawers:
material, operability & joint construction = quality level
types of drawer joints
general criteria in selecting cabinets
• The box of the cabinet should look and feel sturdy. The
drawer is a good indication of the quality of construction
used in cabinets.
• Corner of wall and base should be braced with corner
blocks.
• Where there is stress or a major joint, the stiles and rails
(the vertical and horizontal framing) should be joined
with mortise and tenon or dowel joints.
• Tops and bottoms should be dadoed into the sides.
• Hinges should be strong, swing freely, and operate
silently.
• Hardware should be conveniently located and be
comfortable to the hand, e.g. D- or U-shaped handle.
• In addition to quality, if undercabinet lighting is being
considered, select wall cabinets with an apron or
recessed lower shelf large enough to cover the light.
drawer selection criteria
• Drawers should be removable, have an automatic stop,
and be of sturdy construction.
• The easiest sliding drawers have double metal tracking
on sides or bottom of the drawer with nylon and ballbearing rollers or aluminum glides with nylon rollers.
Over time, drawers that slide directly on wood will not
slide as well.
• The sturdiest drawers have dovetail or mortise and tenon
joints in all four corners and have a separate drawer head
attached to the drawer box which is made of 1/2 inch thick
wood for the sides and back and 1/2 inch thick plywood or
particle board bottom.
• Tongue and groove joints are sturdy; rabbeted and butt
joints are the least sturdy.
• Plastic is easy to clean and can have molded plastic
compartments which are useful. However, light-weight
plastic can break if heavy objects are dropped on it.
shelving criteria
• Cabinets wider than three feet should have a shelf
support in the center.
• Wall cabinet shelves should be removable and
adjustable, attached with clips or grooves.
• In base cabinets, pull-out shelves are more usable and
convenient than stationary shelves and may be vertically
adjustable.
• Open metal racks and shelving are available in
base or wall cabinets and allow easy viewing.
• Roll-out or tilt-out bins are options to standard
drawers.
• Lazy susans or blind corner swing-out shelves
make corner space more accessible.
cabinet materials
• Wood
– Wood is the most popular material for cabinets. It is
available in softwood and hardwood. Softwood
scratches and dents more easily. Wood grain of
higher priced cabinets match vertically and
horizontally. Plywood and particle board are more
often used than solid wood for large areas since large
wood pieces may warp. Exposed surface may be a
veneer over plywood or particle board.
• High pressure decorative laminates
– The 1/32 inch thick decorative laminate, e.g.
Formica®, on a rigid material is highly suitable
for kitchen cabinets. Decorative laminate
cabinet doors need a backing sheet to
prevent warping.
• Plastics
– Polystyrene, a heavy, durable plastic is
sometimes used to imitate wood. Rigid vinyls
in sheet or roll, and low pressure decorative
laminates are laminated to a substrate or
corestock, i.e. particle board, but are not as
durable as the high pressure decorative
laminates.
• Steel
– Steel cabinets are durable, washable, and
retain no odor. They are available with
laminated or wood fronts. Low quality steel
cabinets are less expensive and may be noisy
to use.
a sequence of design drawings that explore
the design of a kitchen:
this is the work of a student named Joseph Londt, Spring 2000
• This project began when Professor Rod Underwood
delivered the assignment to me: design and execute
drawings that detail a theoretical kitchen.
• With little more information than this, I set out to design a
space for the preparation and cleanup of food in a small
space, much like the apartment where I currently live.
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• I took basic ideas in space economy and filtered them
through the ideals that I hold about the use of kitchen,
and applied the understanding I've recently acquired in
my technical classes at Ball State University to create
the following drawings.
vertical section/elevation
• This one (previous sketch) shows the
relationship of a six foot tall person and the
counter spaces, which eventually evolved to be
36 inches high, as well as the wall mounted
cabinets that are placed 60 inches off the floor
plane, to accommodate a wide range of users,
from short to tall. Exploration of lighting and the
spatial requirements of the aisle was also a
component.
• This diagram shows spatial relationships of most
of the surfaces of the kitchen space, and
highlights the placement of many of the systems
that will make the space work.
• One component of the HVAC system is the
ceiling mounted cook top exhaust hood, and
some of the electrical and plumbing devices are
shown in their preliminary locations. Rough
dimensions also explain the space.
• The floor plan shows door swings for
cabinets and appliances, indicating worst
case scenarios for available walkways, as
well as distances from sink to stove to
refrigerator.
standard kitchen cabinet units
Poggenpohl
• “Our goal is to improve the kitchen.”
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• This was cabinet maker Friedemir
Poggenpohl's mission when he
founded the company in 1892 - a company
which today has become one of the most
well-known kitchen brands in the world.
Poggenpohl cabinets