Transcript UNIT 2 CLASSIFICATION
UNIT 4
Defining & Explaining
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Vocabulary
Revision of the vocabulary WORD FORMATION (U2 -> p28): N from Vbs
Grammar and functions
Revision of grammar structures Expanding definitions & Giving explanations Relative clauses Shortened Relative Clauses WHAT vs WHICH Uses of THAT
TRANSLATION
• (1)
do engineers use
• (2)
so many metals
• (3)
there are
•
(4) it offers
• (5)
strength
• (6) • (7) • (8) • (9)
their strength and toughness Concrete it is frequently/widely/commonly used depends on
.
TRANSLATION
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(10) lighter and more corrosion resistant (11) what (we have) to do with them after use. (12) can be broken down (13) weak (14) they are mixed together, (15) an alloy (16) which is much stronger (17) obtaining
TRANSLATION
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(18) a number of different procedures (19) in which (20) consists of heating (21) below its melting point (22) cooling it (23) makes them softer and less brittle (24) more easily (25) In this way (26) are being developed (27) from which to choose.
EXERCISE (prep)
1. around which 2. on which 3. on which 4. in which 5. with which 6. by which 7. in which 8. through which 9. by which 10. at which
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Exercise
Strength is the main property
that
steel offers.
The process
which/that
is known as polymerization consists of joining different polymers
of/from which
plastics are made.
Electrons, the electrical charge
of which
is negative, are the responsible particles for the production of electricity.
The high speeds
at which
the rotor in a generator turns produce large amounts of electricity.
An electrolytic cell is the place
where/in which
process takes place.
the electrolytic The discovery of semiconductors allowed the mass production of chips,
which
reduced the cost of computers significantly.
Lead
whose
symbol is Pb, is the heaviest metal.
There are many different ways
in which
properties of materials.
we may change the
Exercise (shortened R.C.)
1. CONTAINING 2. SUPPLYING 3. OBTAINED 4. SHOWN 5. NOT FLOWING 6. FED 7. TAKEN 8. DEVELOPED 9. SURROUNDING 10. KNOWN
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WHAT vs WHICH
The mixture of copper and tin is
WHAT
probably the first alloy used by man.
is known as bronze,
WHICH
was We need to benefit from solar energy,
WHICH
countries.
is difficult in some They were not surprised at
WHAT
knew
WHAT
to expect.
this device can detect, because they The maintenance engineers did
WHAT
they could,
WHICH
wasn't much.
Many companies don’t know
WHAT
to do with their waste,
WHICH
makes for serious environmental problems.
He is familiar with several programming languages,
WHICH
suitable for the job.
makes him We don’t know
WHAT
caused the accident in the power plant.
WHAT
goes up must come down.
It doesn’t matter
WHAT
you do, the system won’t work properly anyway.
I am sure that
WHAT
the technicians say is correct, but we should look for better alternatives to provide clean energy.
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LISTENING: Alloys
COMBINATION OF METALS CARBON BY MIXING THE PROPERTIES OF AN ALLOY IN A PURE STATE STEEL
OF WHICH
IRON SMALL AMOUNTS OF CARBON CARBON STEEL
…to which
… CHROMIUM, COPPER …NICKEL TO OBTAIN THE DESIRABLE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BRASS AND BRONZE COPPER
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LISTENING: Alloys
DEPEND ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS
THAT IT CONTAINS
IN A DIFFERENT WAY An alloy OF IRON
THAT IS EVEN MORE MAGNETIC THAN PURE IRON
OF MAKING AN ALLOY UNTIL THEY MELT RATHER THAN A SIMPLE MIXTURE A MIXTURE OF THE PROPERTIES OF ITS COMPONENTS FREEZES AT 0ºC and sodium chloride MELTS AT 801ºC, THIS SOLUTION FREEZES AT –23ºC.
A SOLUTION FREEZES AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN COMPONENTS DO ITS SOLID SOLUTIONS THEY BEHAVE IN A SIMILAR WAY A LOWER MELTING POINT COMPOSED. than the substances
OF WHICH
PURE IRON MELTS AT 1,500ºC and carbon at 3,350ºC, MELTS AT 1,150ºC.
IT IS
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LISTENING2: Alloys
The properties of an alloy
DEPEND ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE METALS OR NON METALS
THAT IT CONTAINS. elements to a different extent Indeed they are usually a combination of their properties. But often the alloy possesses the properties of the original
For example, there is an alloy of
ALUMINIUM
MORE MAGNETIC THAN PURE IRON
CONTAINING IRON
THAT IS EVEN
The usual method
OF MAKING AN ALLOY
is to heat the component elements
UNTIL THEY MELT
then to mix them thoroughly
Thus
, an alloy is a solution
RATHER THAN A SIMPLE MIXTURE
As you know, the properties of a solution are not simply
A MIXTURE OF THE PROPERTIES OF ITS COMPONENTS
Water for example
FREEZES AT 0ºC and sodium chloride MELTS AT 801ºC,
but if sodium chloride is dissolved in water to form a strong solution of salt
THIS SOLUTION FREEZES AT –23ºC.
In fact, as a general rule,
A SOLUTION FREEZES AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN ITS COMPONENTS DO
And
since
alloys are
SOLID SOLUTIONS
it should not surprise you to learn that
THEY BEHAVE IN A SIMILAR WAY
an alloy usually has
A LOWER MELTING POINT
WHICH
IT IS COMPOSED. than the substances
OF
For example,
PURE IRON MELTS AT 1,500ºC and carbon at 3,350ºC,
but cast iron,
AN ALLOY OF IRON & CARBON
,
melts at 1,150ºC.
CORRECT MISTAKES
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The properties of an alloy depend on the materials that
IT
contains.
Electrons orbiting farther from the nucleus are easily drawn away.
An electrolytic cell is the place in which place.
ELECTROLYSIS
takes Alloying is a process in which several metals are involved
(in it) .
Steel is an alloy
WHOSE
composition consists of carbon and iron.
Go on with what you were doing.
A compiler is the name
GIVEN
a program into machine code.
to the software that
(it)
translates Conductors are materials
THROUGH WHICH
electricity can flow The mixture of copper and zinc is called brass,
WHICH (it)
most common non-ferrous alloy.
is the Metals can be heated to a certain temperature above
(of)
their properties change.
The temperature
AT WHICH
iron melts is 1,550ºC.
which The amount of electricity generated depends on the speed
AT WHICH THE ROTOR
turns.
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USES of THAT
Relative pronoun ( THAT or WHICH )
: e.g. The materials
THAT /WHICH
are used in structures must be very strong
• Conjunction: THAT (after vbs such as TO SAY, TO STATE, TO KNOW THAT… ). E.g. She said THAT it was raining • Adj + N /Pronoun: THIS/THESE THAT / THOSE (+ N) (+ N)<->
e.g. Iron is commonly used in engineering.
This/That
with other metals (material) is alloyed e.g. Zinc and nickel are very strong.
These/Those
used in alloys (materials) are commonly
USES of THAT • Pronoun:
El/Los (pronoun) + ADJECTIVE = the one / the ones .
E.g.I like the blue bag but not THE RED ONE
- El/Los (pronoun) + OF/ Short Rel Clause (typically used with comparison) ( el que/el de )= THAT/THOSE OF/short REL CL
– The density of iron is higher than densidad del hierro es mayor que cinc THAT OF zinc: la la (densidad) del – The results are better than year: los resultados son mejores los (resultados) que presentamos el año pasado THOSE presented last
1.
EXERCISE: Uses of THAT
Conjunction…. ….
Pronoun
2. Relative pronoun
3. Pronoun 4. Pronoun 5. Pronoun
6. Relative pronoun …. Relative pronoun 7. Relative pronoun …. Conjunction ….
Pronoun 8. Pronoun
…. Relative pronoun 9. Conjunction 10.
Pronoun
WORD FORMATION (U2 p 28)
NOUN from VERB
-ing -> English (e.g. building) -tion/sion ->Latin (e.g. Explanation/emission) ment (e.g. management)
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er/or (object) (e.g. boiler/conductor)
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ure (e.g. mixture) ent/ant (e.g. content/coolant) nce (e.g. performance)
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age (e.g. drainage) al (e.g. disposal) y (e.g. discovery)
WORD FORMATION: p 28
1. EXPOSURE to GASEOUS fluorine.
2.
3.
4.
IMPROVEMENTS … RESISTANCE …FULLY … PITTING DENSITY … its SUBSTITUTION …. WEIGHT …HARMFUL … EMISSIONS its STRENGTH … its ABILITY … DEFORMATION …its RESISTANCE … to DEFLECTION 5.
COMPONENTS … CHEMICALLY …. ENVIRONMENTALLY safer COOLANTS … higher PRESSURES
WORD FORMATION: Aluminium p 29
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ACTIVITY ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS TOUGHNESS or DUCTILITY FAILURE.
ACCEPTANCE COMPONENTS REFRIGERANTS or COOLANTS and PRESSURES WORKABILITY and corrosion RESISTANCE ABILITY STRENGTH TREATMENT