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Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism and Racism Week 01 7/20/2015 1 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism and Racism The learning objectives for week 01 are: – to understand the origins and meaning of the terms Western and Nonwestern – to understand the nature of racism and ethnocentrism and the reasons why anthropologists reject both of these beliefs 2 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism and Racism Terms you should know for week 01 are: – Indo-European language family – Thermopylae – Judeo-Christian-European cultural tradition – ethnocentrism – racism – barbarian 3 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism and Racism Sources: 1. West and NonWest Bradford, Ernle. 1980. The Battle for the West: Thermopylae. New York: McGraw-Hill. A non-academic account of the battle in tremendous detail. Burn, Andrew R., Persia and the Greeks. The Defence of the West, c.546–478 B.C. (1962 London) pages 342–363, 378–381, 406–422 Hammond, N. G. L. The expedition of Xerxes, in: the Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd ed., vol.4, pages 518-590 Hignett, C. Xerxes' invasion of Greece (1963, Oxford), pages 113–148 and 356–378 (especially 371–378) 2. Ethnocentrism—What It Is and Why Anthropologists Reject It. Patterson, Thomas C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. New York: Monthly Review Press. An archaeologist summarizes the history of racism and ethnocentrism along with comments on Europeans who rejected both. 4 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism and Racism Sources: 3. Racism—the Genetic Version of Ethnocentrism and Why Anthropologists Reject It Benedict, Ruth. 1940. Race, Science, and Politics. New York: The Viking Press. The classic US anthropological refutation. Feldstein, Stanley. 1972. The Poisoned Tongue: A Documentary History of American Racism and Prejudice. New York: William Morrow & Company. Gossett, Thomas F. 1997. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press. Montagu, Ashley. 1997. Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. 6th edition. The definitive encyclopedia of theories of racial superiority/inferiority and the biological and genetic refutations of them. 5 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism 1. The belief that one's own culture is good, beautiful, or important and that – to the extent they are different – 7/20/2015 6 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke 2. Other cultures are inhuman, disgusting, irrational, ugly, savage... 7/20/2015 7 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism …can be present in any culture, but it is probably most important to identify and question it in one’s own – 7/20/2015 8 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What's Wrong With Ethnocentrism? 1. It ignores enculturation: the teaching of a culture by one generation to the next. In other words, if the person pronouncing another culture's practices as inhuman, etc., had grown up in that culture, he/she would think them beautiful, well-founded, etc.... Source: Harris, Marvin. 1995. Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General Anthropology. New York. HarperCollins College Publishers. Page 106.9 7/20/2015 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke 2. Ethnocentrism interferes with scientific understanding. If we make judgments about something before we investigate it, we are more likely to misunderstand it. 3. By contrast, recognizing the fallacy of ethnocentrism leads to tolerance for and curiosity towards cultural differences. 7/20/2015 10 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke 4. Ethnocentrism has led to several errors of interpretation and to much bad advice – for example: – 4.1. Western scientists ignored the cumulative wisdom of traditional farmers, and completely misunderstood the energy dynamics of cattle in India. 7/20/2015 11 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke – 4.2. Western-designed high-tech hospitals cost more and deliver less of the medical care needed by many poor country populations. 7/20/2015 12 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke – 4.3. The American notion that milk is “the perfect food” has led to the delivery of tons of surplus milk, bringing much grief and suffering among the 80% of the world's people who are lactose intolerant. – [Lactose intolerant = digestive system cannot absorb the main sugar – lactose – in cow’s milk.] 7/20/2015Source: Harris, Marvin. 1997. Culture, People, Nature: An Introduction to General 13 Anthropology. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers. Seventh edition. Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke European Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD By AD 1400 the European upper classes had developed a complex and sophisticated system of ethnocentrism —including the categories of – 1. Barbarians: (Greek: “strangers”) Treacherous, cruel, illiterate, uncultured foreigners with different languages and customs. 7/20/2015 14 Source: Patterson, Thomas C. 1997. Inventing Western Civilization. New York: Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke European Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD 2. Pagans (Latin: “civilian”) – Rural people who remained non Christian even after Christianity had been adopted in the major cities 3. Heathens (Anglo-Saxon from “heath,” a wasteland) – Polytheists: not Christian, Muslim, or Jew. 7/20/2015 15 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke European Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD 4. Infidels (Latin: “unfaithful”) – People following religions thought to be opposed to Christianity; usually a reference to Muslims …and… 7/20/2015 16 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke European Ethnocentrism: 1400 AD 5. Savages (also called “wild men”) (Latin: “silva,” forest) – Wild, fierce, cruel, ungovernable, people without good behavior, hairy, lacking the ability to speak and lacking the ability to conceive of a God – Savages were thought to have fallen from an original human status to live in the wilderness like other animals and to survive only by 7/20/2015 17 strength and aggressiveness Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ethnocentrism We can see ethnocentrism in the recent history of European and North American maps… 7/20/2015 18 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Mercator Projection 7/20/2015 19 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Geradus Mercator invented his famous projection in 1569 as an aid to navigators. On his map, lines of latitude and longitude intersect at right angles and thus the direction of travel the rhumb line - is consistent. The distortion of the Mercator Map increases as you move north and south from the equator. On Mercator's map Antarctica appears to be a huge continent that wraps around the earth and Greenland appears to be just as large as South America although Greenland is merely one-eighth the size of South America. Mercator never intended his map to be used for purposes other than navigation although it became one of the most 20 7/20/2015 popular world map projections. Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke During the 20th century, the National Geographic Society, various atlases, and classroom wall cartographers switched to the rounded Robinson Projection. The Robinson Projection is a projection that purposely makes various aspects of the map sightly distorted to produce an attractive world map. Indeed, in 1989, seven North American professional geographic organizations (including the American Cartographic Association, National Council for Geographic Education, Association of American Geographers, and the National Geographic Society) adopted a resolution that called for a ban on all rectangular coordinate 7/20/2015 maps due to their distortion of the planet. 21 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Robinson Projection: Less Distortion 7/20/2015 22 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Many 20th Century US maps put the US in the middle Africa is shown as much smaller than it really is relative to North America, for example 7/20/2015 23 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Official 2011 CIA Map of the World 7/20/2015 24 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Peters Equal Area Projection – Distorts the shapes somewhat – But gives the correct relative sizes of the continents and other land masses… 7/20/2015 25 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke 7/20/2015 26 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Peters Projection Map of the World …is the logo for this course. Can you see why? 7/20/2015 27 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism …is the biological version of ethnocentrism. In place of cultures, physical types are used… 7/20/2015 28 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Racism is… 1.A set of practices 2.An element of institutions in society 3.A set of beliefs 7/20/2015 29 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Racism Is… 1. A set of practices, such as • • • • • 7/20/2015 Housing segregation Separate and unequal schools Laws limiting the behavior of people according to a racial classification Laws against “intermarriage” among races Genocide: attempts to completely destroy entire peoples 30 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Racism Is… 2. An aspect of the institutions of society (institutional racism) such as • Patterns of income and employment (not necessarily resulting from specific laws) • Patterns of health and disease • Patterns of education and achievement • Patterns of incarceration, of political representation …resulting from the daily workings of society, and not necessarily desired by or caused by particular individuals 7/20/2015 31 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca These patterns are often referred to as “institutional racism.” 7/20/2015 32 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Institutional racism is the most difficult to identify and understand and is the source of a great amount of confusion and misunderstanding in today’s USA. 7/20/2015 33 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Affirmative action programs were designed to try to overcome some elements of institutional racism but have become among the most controversial outcomes of the civil rights movement because of the lack of adequate public understanding of institutional racism. 7/20/2015 34 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Racism Is… 3. A set of beliefs In the remainder of this presentation, we shall consider racism as a belief only. 7/20/2015 35 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Racism As a Set of Beliefs Main psychological component is: stereotyping 7/20/2015 36 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca In 1954 Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport wrote the classic work on prejudice. He defined a stereotype as… 7/20/2015 37 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca “…an exaggerated belief associated with a category [of people].” Allport, Gordon. 1954. The Nature of Prejudice. New York: Doubleday-Anchor. page 187. 7/20/2015 38 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Stereotypes are usually the basis of “prejudice,” which Allport defined (p.8) as: “An avertive or hostile attitude toward a person who belongs to a group, simply because he belongs to that group” 7/20/2015 39 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Stereotypes and prejudice can occur in many ways and among any groups but in the history of the United States probably the strongest prejudices have been based on racial stereotypes. 7/20/2015 40 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca We can say that racism is a stereotype about a race of people, usually held by some other race of people. 7/20/2015 41 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca To fully understand racism and what is wrong with it we can make it into a set of beliefs based on certain ideas that might or might not be true. 7/20/2015 42 Dr. Richard W. Franke Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Montclair State University Resident and Board Member Ecovillage at Ithaca Then we can decide if racism has any basis in fact or reality. 7/20/2015 43 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: A Three–Part Belief System 1. The belief that physical differences among races represent real genetic, biological barriers, …and… 7/20/2015 44 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: A Three–Part Belief System …and… 2. That therefore, at least some races are biologically “pure,” …and therefore… 7/20/2015 45 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: A Three–Part Belief System 3. That some races are superior to others that are inferior. 7/20/2015 46 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 1. There are no definitive biological boundaries between the races: – races have interbred and thus exchanged genetic material for at least the last 100,000 years of human evolution. 7/20/2015 47 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 2. There are no consistent correlations among racial traits: skin color does not predict nose shape, etc. 7/20/2015 48 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? We can see this scientifically by looking at some geographic distribution maps: 7/20/2015 49 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? – The traditional four races – Stature – Skin color – Hemoglobin S (sickle cell) 7/20/2015 50 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? The following maps filter out known migrations and thus approximate the home base of the various races. 7/20/2015 51 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? First, let’s look at each characteristic separately… 7/20/2015 52 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke The Four “Tradition al” Races 7/20/2015 53 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Stature 7/20/2015 54 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Ski n col or 7/20/2015 55 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Hemoglobi nS– sickle cell 7/20/2015 56 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? Now let’s see if there is any correlation between the four traditional races and any of the supposed racial characteristics… 7/20/2015 57 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Race 7/20/2015 Stature 58 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Race 7/20/2015 Skin Color 59 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Race 7/20/2015 Sickle Cell 60 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? What do you see? 7/20/2015 61 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? What about genetics and race? 7/20/2015 62 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 3. Recent genetic evidence strongly suggests that all humans evolved from an ancient African population: – we all have Black ancestors. 7/20/2015 63 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 4. Race is more of a social classification system than a biologically sound means of distinguishing individuals or groups from one another. For details, go to any of the source readings listed on the beginning slides of this lecture. 7/20/2015 64 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 5. Racism has led to degrading and insulting stereotypes of individuals and groups that bear no relation to reality. 7/20/2015 65 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke What’s Wrong With Racism? 6. Beliefs about racial inferiority or superiority have helped justify oppression, exploitation, slavery, discrimination and genocide; wherever it still exists, racism continues to interfere with efforts to build a just and peaceful world. 7/20/2015 66 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “Do not obtain your slaves from Britain because they are so stupid and so utterly incapable of being taught that they are not fit to form a part of the household of Athens.” Cicero to Atticus, 1st Century BC 7/20/2015 67 Source: Benedict, Ruth. 1940. Race, Science, and Politics. New York: The Viking Press. Pages 6 and 7. Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “The White [here meaning “Nordic”] race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength. By its union with other varieties [here referring to Alpines or Mediterraneans], hybrids were created, which were beautiful without strength, strong without intelligence, or if intelligent, both weak and ugly.” 7/20/2015 Source: Arthur de Gobineau. 1856. Essay on the Inequality of Human Races. 68 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “Judgment, truthfulness and energy always distinguish the Nordic man. He feels a strong urge toward truth and justice....Passion in the usual meaning of the rousing of the senses or the heightening of the sexual life has little meaning for him....He is never without a certain knightliness.” Hans 7/20/2015 F. K. Gunther. 1927. The Racial Elements of European History. 69 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views The Negroes Character Cowardly and cruel are those Blacks Innate, Prone to Revenge, Imp of inveterate hate. He that exasperates them, soon espies Mischief and Murder in their very eyes. Libidinous, Deceitful, False and 7/20/2015 70 Rude, Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “Comparing them [blacks] by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination they are 7/20/2015 dull, tasteless, and anomalous.” 71 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “The innate love to act as body servant or lacquey is too strongly developed in the negro race to be concealed...the primordial cell germ of the Nigritians has no more potency than what is sufficient to form a being with physical power...with the mental organization too imperfect to enable him to extricate himself from barbarism.” Samuel Cartwright. 1860. On the Caucasians and the Africans. Source: Feldstein, Stanley. 1972. The Poisoned Tongue: A Documentary History of 72 American Racism and Prejudice. New York. William Morrow & Company. Pages 37, 48–49, and 103. 7/20/2015 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Identifying an “Enemy” “There is no difference between Jew and Jew. Every Jew is a sworn enemy of the German people. If he fails to display his hostility against us, it is merely out of cowardice and slyness but not because his heart is free of it.” Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Propaganda Minister, 1941 Source: Remax, Joachim, editor. The Nazi Years: A Documentary History. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969, page 156. 7/20/2015 73 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Identifying an “Enemy” “The Japanese race is an enemy race and while many second-and third generation Japanese, born on United States soil, possessed of United States citizenship have become “Americanized,” the racial strains are undiluted…. It, therefore, follows, that along the vital Pacific Coast over 112,000 potential enemies, of Japanese extraction, are at large today.” Lieutenant-General John L. DeWitt, Commanding General, Western Defense Command, February, 1942 Source: Jacubus ten Broek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson. Prejudice, War, and the Constitution, Berkeley, CA: University of California 7/20/2015 74 Press, page 263. Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Identifying an “Enemy” “I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the Western view of the Indian. I don’t go so far as to think that the only good Indians are the dead Indians, but I believe nine out of every ten are, and I shouldn’t inquire too closely into the case of the tenth. The most vicious cowboy has more moral principle than the average Indian.” Theodore Roosevelt, from his book, The Winning of the West, a 4 volume work published 1889–1896. Source: Gossett, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, page 238. 7/20/2015 75 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism and/or Ethnocentrism: Identifying an “Enemy” “Ellison’s […taking the oath on a Koran] will embolden Islamic extremists and make new ones, as Islamists, rightly or wrongly, see the first sign of the realization of their greatest goal – the Islamicization of America.” 7/20/2015 76 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “If you’re incapable of taking the oath on [the Bible], don’t serve in Congress.” Dennis Prager, conservative radio host, after the first Muslim was elected to the US Congress, Keith Ellison of Minnesota 7/20/2015 77 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Some Historical Views “Keith Ellison…does not have to answer to you, to me or anyone else in regards to questions about his faith.” Bill Pascrell, Democratic representative from the 8th District in New Jersey that includes MSU’s campus. 7/20/2015 78 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke Racism: Identifying an “Enemy” In a private ceremony (after being sworn in publicly without any religious paraphernalia) as an elected member of the US House of Representatives in Jan 2007, Keith Ellison of Minnesota used Thomas Jefferson’s Koran… 7/20/2015 79 Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke End of Week 01 Lecture 02 Ethnocentrism and Racism 7/20/2015 80