Transcript lesson 4 Professions for women

Professions for Women
Contents
1
Warm up & Preview
2
Background
3
Text Analysis
4
Extension
Contents

Warm up: sexism against women
 Background: Virginia Woolf; Stream of
Consciousness
 Text appreciation: the organization of the speech;
the characteristic of language in the speech; the
rhetorical devices
 Extension: introduction to the most influential
women in the world
I have to keep silent
In which fields are
women
discriminated?
Sexism against Women


The term 'sexism' is most commonly applied to sexism against women,
and expressed by either men or women is called male chauvinism.
Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are
viewed as the "weaker sex". Women's lower status can be seen in cases.
•equality under the law,
•political representation of women,
•access to education and employment,
•language
•women victims of domestic violence,
•self-ownership of a woman's body,
•the possible impact of pornography on
women
The feminist
movement promotes
women's rights to end
sexism against
women by addressing
issues.
[pɔ:’nɔgrəfi:]色情描绘,
Women’s social status

women did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until 1918.
New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all
women) America (1920) Japan (1954) China (1953)
 In a survey, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who thought that a husband is
justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in
Jordan, 85.6% in Guinea [‘ɡini] , 85.4% in Zambia, 81.2% in Laos, and 81%
in Ethiopia [i:θi’əupjə]
 Women in the past have been excluded from higher education. When women
were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects
that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in English
and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study
considered suitable to women's "lesser intellects.“

Women have historically been excluded from participation in many
professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male
profession, they have faced many additional obstacles


Professional discrimination continues today, according to studies done
by Cornell University and others. It has been hypothesized that gender
bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This
hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University of Toronto
led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10
percent of female authors get their papers published when their gender is
hidden.
Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male
and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually
always earn more than a woman doing the exact same job.
Many countries around the world make it mandatory(强制的，义务的）
for males to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in
the United States are required to register for military conscription to be
drafted to war or military service.
Pre-class work
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Teaching Hours: 8
Pre-class work for Lesson four
1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the
groups)
 2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works,
contribution, influence, writing style)
 3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives,
influence)
 4. The characteristics of the language in this essay. (using
specific examples to explain)
 5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this essay and
explain how they function in the essay.
Background

Her education
In her father’s library

Her health
3 Mental breakdowns

Her professions
A book reviewer;
Hosting gatherings of artists and writers
A novelist and essayist

Her marriage
Leonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics
Her Writing Style

experimentation and innovation in novel writing
 the psychological realm of her characters and the
moment-by-moment experience of living
 the techniques of interior monologue and stream of
consciousness
 poetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich
historical and literary reference
Stream of Consciousness


1.
2.
3.
4.
A psychological term
Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which
seeks to describe an individual's point of view by giving the
written equivalent of the character's thought processes.
Monologue
Psycho-analysis
Montage
Poetic and musical quality
1.
Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by
Dorothy Richardson,
2.
Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce,
3.
Mrs.Dalloway(1925) by Virginia
Woolf
Stick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image;
"he used his computer to make a collage of pictures
Her major works
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The Voyage Out (1915)《远航）
Night and Day (1919) 《时时刻刻》
Jacob’s Room (1922) 《雅各布的房间）
Mrs. Dalloway (1925) 《黛洛维夫人》
To the Lighthouse (1927) 《到灯塔去》
Orlando: A Biography (1928)《奥兰多》
A Room of One’s Own (1929)《自己的房间》
The Waves (1931)《海浪》
The Years (1937) 《岁月）
Three Guineas 《三个基尼）
Between the Acts 《幕间》
闹鬼的屋子及其他（The Haunted House and Others)（短篇小说集）
Modernism

Modern literary practices. Also, the principles of a
literary school that lasted roughly the beginning
the 20th century until the end of World War II.
Modernism is defined by its rejection of the
literary conventions of the nineteenth century and
by its opposition to conventional morality, taste,
traditions and economic values.
现代主义
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意识流小说
1、意识流小说是20世纪初期（20年代）兴起于西方，以表现人们
的意识流动、展示恍惚迷离的心灵世界为主的小说。认为文学应表
现人物的意识流动，尤其是表现潜意识的活动，人的意识流动遵循
的是“心理时间”，而非物理时间。
2、它以象征暗示、内心独白、自由联想等意识流的创作方法为主
要特征，在本世纪20—30年代英、美、法等国形成一个颇为壮观的
现代主义文学流派。
3、意识流小说家所运用的艺术手法各有侧重，但艺术特征是共同
的：“作家退出小说”；情节淡化；大量的内心独白和自由联想；
时空交替和心理时间；象征暗示和对比联想；语言使用上的创新和
变异。
4、代表作家是爱尔兰的乔伊斯和英国的伍尔芙，法国的普鲁斯特
和美国的福克钠。
特点
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详细解说：
1、内心独白：意识流小说直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生态，
不加以条理化、逻辑化，作家退出小说，主观干预较少，注重表现
人物的意识活动本身。
2、采用自由联想的方式，在某对象
上稍许停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打断从前的思维过程而展开新
的思绪。
3、主观性、随意性强，常打破时空限制，跳跃性较大，从心理结
构组织流程，而传统小说多在时空的推移中展开情节。
4、内容和题材上，传统小说往往全知全能，而在意识流小说中作
家地位下降，读者的参与性加强，不注意刻画典型人物，凭借人物
的意识来写人，情节淡化。

代表作家及其作品：
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1、爱尔兰的乔伊斯：《都柏林人》、《青年艺术家的肖像》
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2、英国的沃尔夫：《墙上的斑点》、《到灯塔去》

3、法国的普鲁斯特：《追忆逝水年华》

4、美国的福克纳 《喧哗与骚动》（1929），反映了南方望族康普
生家的没落。小说创造了复合意识流方法，使运用意识流手法去发
掘人物的内心生活方面达到了新的高度。着重表现昆丁的变态心理
和班吉神经错乱的潜意识活动。人物（长子昆丁、二子杰生、小儿
子班吉、女儿凯蒂）
Text Appreciation
Part I (paras. 1-2 ):
the beginning part, introducing the topic under
discussion.

Part II (para 3 ):
the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional
woman writer.

Part III (para 4 ):
a transitional link between her 1st and 2nd
experiences.


Part IV (para 5 ):
her 2nd experience in her profession
of literature.


Part V (para 6 ):
Part VI (para 7):
sums up the author’s two experiences.
conclusion of her speech
Part I (paras 1-2)

What is the topic under discussion?
The author introduces her
experience as a female writer
to illustrate the obstacles
facing all women while they
pursue professions.
Para 1

In which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for
women?
Profession of
literature
Science;
Medicine;
Law
Why?

In the profession of
literature, the road was
cut many years ago by
many famous women
writers as well as
many more unknown
and forgotten women
writers who have been
before her, who have
made the path smooth,
regulating her steps.


The family peace
was not broken by
the scratching of a
pen.
There was no need
for a writer to
spend much of the
family money in
order to write.

维多利亚社会已经形成的家长制度是基于对女性的一种
假定——女性是低等的因而必须依赖于男性。而这种假
定同样也作用于去定义男性作为女性的对立面——男性
是强壮、理性、有侵略性和优秀的。在这样的系统中，
男性优越性是建立在女性低劣性的基础上，因此，妇女
运动对于男性地位的威胁十分明显。男性不仅害怕失去
他们的优越地位，也担心这种社会变革将导致妇女的优
越性。
Women Writers
Unknown
Well-known
Bronte
Sisters
Charlotte,
Emily and
Anne Brontë
达洛维夫人是一战后英国社会
对女性定义的典型代表：“居家
天使”。她接受社会强加的束缚，
甚至热切地扮演着自己的角色：
政客的太太。
Key Sentences
1.
No demand was made upon the family
purse.
The figure of
speech—metonymy
（转喻）
Money, financial conditions
This kind of speech is called metonymy, in
which the name of one thing is used in
place of that of another associated with or
suggested by it.
More Examples of Metonymy

The White House
 The crown
 The pen is mightier than the
sword.
 He succeeded by the sweat of
his brow.
 He is too fond of the bottle

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Fleet Street
10 Downing Street
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The President
The king or the queen
The people wielding these
instruments
His own hard work
The thing contained—
wine, liqueur, or drinking
in general
the British press
the residence and office of
the British Prime Minister
Key Sentences
2.
Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and
mistresses, are not needed by a writer.
Teachers or tutors; professional practitioners (习艺者
of music or painting; great artists
If you want to be a musician or a painter, you must own a
piano or hire models, and you have to visit or even live in
cultural centers like Paris, Vienna and Berlin. And also you
have to be taught by masters and mistresses. However, if
you want to be a writer, you don’t need all this.
Key Sentences
3.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the
reason why women have succeeded as writers
before they have succeeded in the other professions.
Tone
Sarcastic tone
The implied meaning is that in the patriarchal
society women have been forced into a lower
financial status than men.
Para 2

Main Idea
How she became a
book reviewer when
she was a girl.
Key Sentences

4. But to show you how little I deserve to be called a
professional woman… instead of spending that sum
upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stocking, or
butcher’s bills, I went out and bought a cat.
The figure of speech--synecdoche (提喻）
Basic daily necessities
A good synecdoche is based on an important part of
the whole and not a minor part.
More Examples of Synecdoche
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We need 50 hands for the
work.
It was a fleet of 20 sails.
Have you got any coppers?
He is a foot soldier.
Walls have ears.
During my stay in Rwanda,
when I came across the
hungry mouths, big or
small, I felt sympathetic
and helpless as well.

People

Ships
Pennies and coins


Infantry [‘infəntri] 步兵
Listener

people

Part II (para 3)
Main Idea
The first obstacle
1.
What is the
obstacle?
2.
What are its
characteristics?
3.
How did it stop the
author from her
working?
4.
How did the
author deal with it?
[’ɔbstəkl ]
to becoming a
professional
woman writer.
Question
s
The Angel in the House

A poem written by
Coventry Patmore
(1823-1896)
 For Patmore, his wife
Emily represented all
that was perfect about a
Victorian wife and head
of the home.
A stereotyped
Victorian
woman
Characteristics of the angel


be devoted and submissive to her husband.
passive
 powerless,
 meek,
Examples?
 charming,
 graceful,
 sympathetic,
 self-sacrificing,
Chicken leg;
 pious, and above all—
 pure.
Sit in a draught
The angel’s interference
The traditional Victorian Values

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
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Understand the mind of men and not to
disagree with them
Be sympathetic
Be tender Not be too harsh in her criticism
Praise the book in an insincere way to please the
Flatter
readers
Deceive
Not write what she really thought
Use all the arts and wiles of our
Tricks of the female sex, such as charm
sex
Never let anybody guess that you
have a a mind of your own.
topics as human relations, morality, sex,
Be pure Such
can’t be dealt with freely and openly by women.
Key Sentences
5. She was intensely sympathetic. She was
immensely charming. She was utterly
unselfish.
limitless, vast
and huge
firmly and seriously Totally and
unconditionally
All of the three adverbs are for
emphasis.
Key Sentences
6. In those days---the last days of Queen
Victoria---every house had its angel.
1
Every house had a
woman like that,
who was
sympathetic,
charming, unselfish
and pure.
2
The belief that every
woman should be
sympathetic, charming,
unselfish, and pure was
prevalent in English
society.
Key Sentences
7. She would have plucked the heart out of my
writing.
Those conventional attitudes would have taken
away the most important part of her writing, that
is, the essence of her writing.
Be sympathetic,
charming, unselfish,
and pure
Key Sentences
8. Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her wing or the
radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the
inkpot and flung it at her.
Throw sth with a lot of
force
A circle of light, radiance
surrounding the head of an angel
Thus, whenever, I felt the influence of the
Victorian attitudes on my writing, I fought back
with all my power.
The features of phantom?
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Not a real person
No physical form
Mental image
Imaginary nature
It is far difficult to deal with a phantom than a
reality. When you think you have done away with
them, you will find them back again. So the
struggle takes a long time.
The author’s reaction

A severe and fierce struggle against the angel.
She did her best to kill her. But she died hard.
She was always creeping back. It is far
harder to kill a phantom than a reality.
Part III (para 4)
Function
A transitional
link between the
author’s first
and second
experiences.
How is the transition
achieved?
Part IV (para 5)
Main
Idea
Her 2nd
experience
in her
profession
of literature.
Question
s
1.
What is a novelist
state of mind?
2.
How to be as
unconscious as
possible?
3.
What is the author’s
experience?
4.
What is the 2nd
obstacle?
Key Sentences
1. I bought a Persian cat with the proceeds.
Money or profit derived from a sale,
business venture
A novelist’s state of mind

Be as unconscious as possible
A term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts,
memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc. of which the
individual is not conscious but which influence the emotions
and behavior.
For Woolf, the description of the immediate flow of her characters’
thoughts and their feelings of the moment was more important than the
realistic depiction of their physical behavior. She conceives of the
imagination as shy and hidden so that the writer can only draw the
deepest inspiration by suspending everyday rational consciousness in
order to liberate an imaginative expression of their deepest creativity.
I hope I’m not giving away professional secrets if I say
that…be as unconscious as possible.

1. Translate the sentence

2. How to understand “unconscious”
如果我说小说家的主要愿望是尽量处于无意识状态，我
希望我没有泄露行业秘密。
 -unconscious means not aware of one’s existence, not
conscious of one’s self.
 “Sb’s unconscious” is a term of psychoanalysis, referring to
the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires,
feelings, etc, of which the individual is not conscious but
which influence the emotions and behaviors.

two levels of the interpretation of “unconscious”

2 levels of interpretation:

(1) she could be thinking in Freudian terms, that is,
expressing a desire to have the subjects of her
unconsciousness ,which may reflect ancient angers and
anxieties, ruse up into her authorial perspective.

(2) she may be reacting against the notion expressed by
Henry James in “the art of fiction”, which explicitly
expressed his sense that an author should above all attempt
to be fully conscious.
The way of being unconscious
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See the same faces
Read the same books
Do the same things day
after day, month after
month

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A state of perpetual lethargy
The utmost quiet and
regularity
The imagination/unconsciousness will
not be distracted away from the creative
task.
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Freudian Terms: Freud postulated(假定） the existence of
three internal forces that govern a person’s psychic life:
1.The id（本我）: the instinctual force of life—
unconscious, uncontrolled, and isolated
2.The ego（自我）: the external force that has contact with
the real world.
3.The
super-ego（超我）: the
governing force, or moral conscience,
that seeks to control and direct the ego
into socially acceptable patterns of
behavior.
Key Sentences
2. Be that as it may, I want you to imagine me
writing a novel in a state of trance.
A state in which you behave as you were
asleep but are still able to hear and
understand what is said to you, similar to
the unconscious state.
The author’s experience
A fisherman lying sunk in dreams
on the verge of a deep lake
Her imagination, like the line,
rushed away, seeking the pools,
the depths, the dark places. But
it came across a smash, an
explosion, foam and confusion.
The deep lake is her inner world
that lies hidden in the deepest
part of her unconscious
existence.
A smash, an explosion, foam confusion
Sth about body,
about the
passions which it
was unfitting for
her as a woman
to say.
What is the author’s experience without figures?

She realized that men didn’t approve of a woman
telling the truth about the body and her passions.
This realization interrupted her imagination and
roused her from the state of unconsciousness.
The 2nd obstacle to women writers
The sex-consciousness is
a great hindrance to
women’s writing.
Key Sentences
3. For though men sensibly allow themselves great
freedom in these respects, I doubt that they realize
or can control the extreme severity with which they
condemn such freedom in women.
D. H. Lawrence’s novel
Lady Chatterley’s Lover
It was a sensible thing for men to give themselves great freedom to talk about the
body and their passions. But if women want to have the same freedom, men
condemn such freedom in women. And I do not believe that they realize how
severely they condemn such freedom in women, nor do I believe that they can
control their extremely sever condemnation of such freedom in women.
Part V (para 6)

Main Idea
It sums up the author’s two experiences,
pointing out that the second obstacle is
more difficult to overcome than the first.
Women have many prejudices to overcome
in the profession of literature and
especially in new professions that women
are entering.
Why is the 2nd obstacle more difficult to solve?

The 1st has to do with the conscious way of
thinking, one’s education, social attitudes and
traditional values, etc. The 2nd experience has to do
with one’s unconsciousness, the depths of the
unconscious being. Thus it is more difficult to
define, to examine and certainly harder to deal with.
Key Sentences

Indeed it will be a long time still, I think, before a
woman can sit down to write a book without
finding a phantom to be slain, a rock to be dashed
against.
Slay--kill
It will take a long time for women to rid themselves
of false values and attitudes and to overcome the
obstacle to telling the truth about their body and
passions.
Part VI (para 7)

Main Idea
Woolf concludes her speech by raising
some important questions concerning the
new role of women and the new
relationship between men and women.
The 3rd figure of speech
freedom
How to
furnish it?
How to
decorate it?
A room of one’s own
With whom
to share it?
Upon what
terms?
Key Sentences
11. Even when the path is nominally open---when there is
nothing to prevent a woman from being a doctor, a lawyer,
a civil servant---there are many phantoms and obstacles,
as I believe looming in her way.
Appear, take shape
Even when the path is open to women in name only, when
outwardly there is nothing to prevent a woman from being a
doctor, a lawyer, a civil servant, inwardly there are still false
ideas and obstacles impeding a woman’s progress.
Key Sentences
12. You have won rooms of your own in the house
hitherto exclusively owned by men.
Until this time; to now
Through fighting against the Angel in the House,
through great labor and effort, some women have
gained a position or certain freedom in a society
which has been up to now dominated by men.
Key sentence

13.Have you going to furnish it, how are you going
to decorate it…upon what terms?
a. Conditions of a contract,
agreement;
b. mutual relationship
between or among
people;
c. footing
d. Price
I bought this car on reasonable terms.
We are on good terms with all our neighbors.
If I agree to do this, it will be on my terms.
Under the terms of agreement, Hongkong
returned to China in 1997.
Introduction to the most influential women
Mother Teresa
[tə'ri:sə]
（1910-1997）
Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was born in 1910 in Macedonia( 南斯拉夫）. Her father
was a builder. When she was young, Mother Teresa studied religion and
loved everyone. She became a nun in Ireland and left for India in 1929.

She taught Geography for many years in India. She spent her life caring for
the poor. Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the
majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining
her the name “ Saint of the Gutters.” （贫民窟的圣人）

The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and
the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the
Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor.
Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity （仁爱传教修女会）
have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions
throughout 100 countries worldwide.
Mother Teresa’s Funeral
Madame Curie



Madame Curie was one of the greatest
scientists in the world She was born in
1867 She first lived in Poland, then to
France When she was very young she was
interested in science She worked very hard
and discovered the element radium She
received the Nobel Prizes for Physics and
Chemistry respectively in 1903 and in 1911
For the last ten years of her life she was
almost blind The radium with which she
had worked for many years had caused
blindness and illness and finally a disease
of the blood She died in Paris at the age of
66
Today she is remembered as a great
scientist But she is also remembered for her
determination and courage
Helen Adams Keller
(June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an
American author, political activist and
lecturer. She was the first deafblind
person to earn a Bachelor of Arts
degree. The story of how Keller‘s
teacher, Anne Sullivan, broke through
the isolation imposed by a near
complete lack of language, allowing the
girl to blossom as she learned to
communicate, has become known
worldwide through the dramatic
depictions of the play and film “The
Miracle Worker”.(奇迹创造者）
Helen Keller
EXTENSION
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1. Nothing can slow down his progress.
A. prevent
B. impede
C. excel
D. torment
2. She moved in a sudden turn that makes it seems that she
is going to speak.
A. to make as if to speak B. to figure to herself
C. be that as it may
D. to speak without figure
3. My little niece always causes problems between me and
when I go about my reading.
A. does battle with
B. gives away
C. comes between
D. turns upon
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4. Flights have been ___________by the fog.
A. dislocated B. disordered C. disputed D. disquieted
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5. I accept that he is old and frail;__________, he’s still a
good politician.
A. to make as if to do
B. to speak without figure
C. to figure it to myself
D. be that as it may
Error Correction
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Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as
ten years before, you can’t help being strucked by the
__1__
appearance of the women taking part. Their hair styles and
make-up look date; their skirts look either too long or too
__2__
short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous.
The men taking part, on other hand, are clearly recognizable.
__3__
There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that
they belong to an entire different age. This illusion is created
__4__
by changing fashions. Over the years, the great minority of men __5__
have successfully resisted all attempts to make it change their
__6__
style of dress. The same cannot be said for women. Each year,
a fewer so-called top designers in Paris and London lay down
__7__
on the law and women around the world run to obey. The
__8__
decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial.
Sometime they decide arbitrarily, that skirts will be short and
__9__
waists will be height; hips are in and buttons are out.
__10__
Answers
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1. strucked改为struck或者stricken
strike的过去式是struck，过去分词为struck或者stricken。
2. date改为dated或者outdated
3. on other hand 改为 on the other hand
4. entire改为entirely
5. minority改为majority
从上下文以及常识判断，多半男性成功地抵制了改变他们服装款式
的企图，即多年来，男性大服装款式跟女性服饰相比没有多大的变
化。
6. it改为them them指代the great majority of men。
7. fewer改为few 此处没有比较的意味。
8.去掉on， lay down为习语，表示“规定(规则，原则，法规等)”。
9. sometime改为 sometimes。
10. height改为high 形容词作be 的表语。
The Young Victoria (video)
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Victoria