Transcript Making Effective Presentations

Making Effective Presentations
Social Research Methods 2113 & 6501
Spring, 2007
May 23~28, 2007
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The Importance of making effective
presentations
• “The ability to speak is a short cut to distinction.”
(善於演說是邁向卓越的捷徑.)
-- Lowell Thomas, an American journalist
• Public speaking: a very critical skill to cultivate
throughout your career (公共演說: 個人生涯發展
的重要技能，值得花時間心力學習)
• Yes, everyone will be nervous before giving a
talk. But with some practice, you can learn the
art and skills. (每個人公開演講前都會緊張，經過
練習，你可以學會相關的技巧，也會漸入佳境。)
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The key to make effective
presentations:
Practice, Practice, and Practice!
(不斷的練習會使你的演說技巧日益
精進)
Reference: How to make effective
presentations by Elizabeth P. Tierney (1996)
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Four Principles of all presentations:
• Be responsible to the audience (對你的聽
眾負責，不要敷衍了事)
• Make conscious decisions (仔細考慮演講
的任何細節)
• Make decisions: before, during, and after
(演講前、中、後都要作決定)
• Be aware of your strengths and weakness
(清楚你自己的長處與短處，放大優點，改
進缺點)
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How we communicate?
• Communication: a two-way process, requiring a
sender and a receiver (溝通是雙向的，除講者之
外，還有聽眾)
• Have a clear message (給聽眾清楚的訊息)
• Select your words and pictures (visuals)
thoughtfully (你的用詞與視覺輔助教材需要仔細
準備及選擇)
• Transmit your idea clearly (不只是說什麼，還要
說得清晰)
• The need to analyze your audience (了解你的聽
眾是誰)
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Now, let’s discuss some key
aspects of making presentations.
演講的技巧是可以學習的，我們可
從下列幾方面來討論。
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Nonverbal Language
• Certain types of body language can send to the
audience and affect your presentations. (部分肢
體語言會影響你的演說，你必需有所領會)
• Your head and face (搖頭晃腦? 臉部表情)
• Your eyes (與聽眾保持目光接觸，keep random
eye contacts, looking at everyone)
• Your body (身體姿勢、手勢、用肢體語言加強你
的論點)
• Your clothing (衣著要合宜，如不確定以保守為原
則，頭髮整齊，選一双舒服的鞋)
• Wear a watch (帶著手錶，控制時間)
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Voice and Speech Patterns
• Pacing (速度適中，但通常在緊張時會愈說愈快)
• Pausing (適時停頓讓講者與聽者都喘口氣，喝水、
換投影片、看筆記是常用的技巧)
• Pitch (語調要有抑揚頓挫)
• Volume (聲音音量)
• Projection (後座人士能聽得到)
• Extraneous Sounds or Words (去掉不必要的字
詞或語助詞)
• Clarity (聲音清楚)
• Emphasis (加強語氣來強調重點)
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Getting Ready by Asking Questions
• Why Me? (記得: 我是
最清楚演講內容的人，
所以沒什麼好緊張的)
• How Long? (演講多久?
一般研討會是15分鐘)
• Who Else? (聽眾是誰?)
• How Many? (聽眾有多
少? 人愈多通常愈正式)
•
•
•
•
Where? (地點)
When? (時間)
Who? (聽眾)
What? (講什麼? 有指
定題目?)
• Why? (聽眾為什麼要
知道這些內容?)
• How? (怎麼講故事?)
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
• Remember: less is more (內容太多不能消
化)
• First: decide what you want to discuss and
select your materials carefully (決定你要說
什麼，然後慎選材料)
• Prepare your presentations in “sections.”
(擬定大綱，然後分段落來準備)
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
the structure
• The Beginning (開始)
– 別出心裁的開始能有效吸引聽眾注意
– 開門見山、簡潔有力地說
– 給聽眾一個大綱
• The Middle (中段)
–
–
–
–
演講最重要的部分，要仔細準備，所佔時間最多
內容由淺至深，條理分明，善用圖表
重點是你研究的成果及討論，不是文獻回顧!
注意起承轉合
• The Closing (結尾)
– 提供摘要，重述重點，要有結論
– 一定要有結尾!
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Selecting Words
• Select your words wisely
– Be specific (精確的用詞)
– Can pronounce the words clearly (能清楚地說出你的
用詞)
– Use analogies and verbal images (應用譬喻或意象)
– Not to demean (不要貶低他人，留意不自覺的偏見)
– Watch for mistakes
– Eliminate unnecessary words/phrases
– Avoid unnecessary apologies (沒必要道歉就不必道歉，
謙虛但有大將之風)
– Come to the end once (只有一個結尾)
– Pause before “thank you” (最後結束前，停頓一下，再
說 “thank you” )
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Using Notes
• My personal advice: avoid reading a paper
(避免照本宣科，但適時應用也許還可以)
• Use notes (or note cards)
– 將重點寫在筆記上，像難記的定義或統計數字
– Power Point 有記錄筆記的地方
• Practice with notes (帶著筆記一起練習)
– 多加練習，也許到最後不需要筆記
– 是否撰寫演講稿? 因人而異。重要的演講也許
應該考慮。
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Visuals(或說是 Power Point 的內容)
• Using visuals and handouts: they can make a
difference (好的講義或ppt內容可提升演講的水準，
它是整體演講的一部分，不要太大意)
• Make visuals: pay attentions to the content and
design (ppt的內容及設計要謹慎選定)
– 字體、顏色聽眾要看得到
– 設計不要太花俏，簡單大方即可
• Allow the audience to read
• Keep your eye contact
• Prepare for “problems” (萬一設備出問題，怎麼
辦? 準備一份overhead，即投影片作備份)
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Q&A
• Handling questions: keep your composure (回答問題時
要保持冷靜)
• Anticipate the questions and practice some responses
• Time control
• Pause before taking questions
• Be empathetic (提出問題並不容易，對聽眾有同理心)
• Listen carefully (聽不懂時再問一次)
• Answer the entire audience (對整個聽眾回答問題，不是
只有提問的人)
• Keep your answer brief (回答簡短扼要)
• Be honest (不知道如何回答要誠實面對，請提問者提供建
議)
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Practice and Planning
• Remember: Practice makes perfect. (練習可讓你
的演講自然流暢)
• Practice: 分段練習、時間控制、請老師、朋友提
供意見
• Planning:
– Know the room (房間大小? 螢幕位置? 有講桌嗎?)
– Prepare “introductions” (別人介紹你? 還是你要自己介
紹自己?
– 開場白一定要練習
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Team Presentations
• Similar techniques, but now the whole
team must act and prepare together.
• Team work required
• Be aware of members’ strengths and
weakness
• Decide the format of presentation (一人報
告還是大家輪流? 要注意時間的控制)
• Others: 整個小組都是聽眾的焦點，一起回
答問題
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
Handling your nerves (控制你的緊張情緒)
• Practice and Preparation is the best medicine.
• Some tips:
– Have some adequate rest
– What to drink?
– Know the “route” (知道如何到達演講地點，還有，知
道洗手間在那裡!)
– Don’t show your trembling hands (發抖的手沒有人會
發現)
– Bring your notes and extra overheads
– Think about “happy thoughts”
– Breathe deeply (深呼吸，可緩和心情)
– Believe yourself (相信自己，你一定做得到)
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Prepare Formal Presentations:
It’s show time!
•
•
•
•
Arrive early and check notes, equipments, handouts, etc.
Listen to other speakers and incorporate their remarks.
Be open about your mistakes.
Handle any disruptions with charm (面對任何突發狀況要
冷靜，有幽默感)
• Make conscious decisions/changes during the
presentation (臨場決定: 加快或放慢速度?)
• Self-assessment: what worked? The feedback? How to
improve? (演講後自我檢討與反省)
• Learn from other speakers. (觀摩別人是讓自己進步的秘
訣)
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Public Speaking & Making
Presentations
Need time to improve your skills
and develop your own styles.
Be patient. Do not be afraid. And
always practice.
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