Transcript 投影片 1 - HKEdCity

1911 Revolution
The 1911 Revolution
Causes
Underlying Causes
1. The internal decay of the Qing government
-inefficient administration
-serious corruption
-low morale
-poor leadership
2. The role of Cixi
What are her responsibilities?
-did not support the reform, conservative
-ignorant and blindly anti-foreign
 Boxer Uprising
-mismanagement and corruption
-liked accepting gifts-
3. Foreign political and economic invasion
-unequal treaties->undermined sovereignty
-foreign control of the economy
-setting up of sphere of influence
-intervention of railway construction->
weakened economy and aroused local hatred
3. Natural disasters
-food production did not increase owing to the limited
supply of land
-primitive methods of farming + lack of fertilizers
-1877-79, 15 millions died because of drought
-1887-8 1 million perished
4. Sun’s revolutionary activities
5. Humiliating defeats and treaties
•Ceding territories
•Granting privileges
•Losing tributory states
•Meeting huge indemnity payments
6. Impacts of foreign political ideas
•Positive western ideas of nationalism
,democracy & idea of republicanism
-- they turned to support Sun
7. Years long antagonism between Manzhu and
Chinese
•Manzhu had enjoyed privileges
•Held important posts
•Treated Chinese as a conquered race
•Manzhu seldom trusted the Chinese officials
8. Internal Rebellion
•Taiping Rebellion
•Nien & Moslem Rebellion
- spent money for suppressing rebellion,
Lost revenue from those affected by the rebellion
And regionalism
9. Poor leadership
•Emphasis on eight legged essays and civil
Service examination-> produced officials
Of little experience and ability in solving problem
•Corruption no efficiency and justice
•Government became obsolete
•Cixi was conservative, corrupt and anti-foreign
10.failure of reforms –collapse of Qing
•Self-strengthening Movement
•100 Days Reform
•Late Qing Reform
11. Awakening nationalism
Why was nationalism awakened?
•The repeated defeats in the wars
•the failure of the reforms
--> many joined the revolutionary movements
How important was Sun in Chinese Revolution
1911 and political development?
What effort did Sun make in modernizing
China?
1.Outline Three Peoples’ Principles and three stages to republicanism
Sun’s Three People’s Principles:
Democratic ideas of government of the people, by the people and
for the people
Minzuzhuyi--nationalism--to overthrow the Manzhu and end foreign
Minquanzhuyi-democracy--to set up democratic government
Minshenzhuyi-socialism--to share in land or capital in order to make
a living
Sun’s Three Steps to Republicanism:
Stage 1--government by military law
for three years
Stage 2--government by a provisional
constitution for six years
Stage 3--the period of democracy—
having constitution, parliament
and president
2.Setting up revolutionary societies, Xingzhonghui,
Tongmenghui
3. Enlist the support (financial )both in China
or in foreign countries
4. Organizing anti-Manzhu uprisings,
e.g. Guangzhou Uprising
1895, Huizhou Uprising 1900
5. His efforts after 1911
-Set up the Republic of China
- Step down for Yuan Shikai 1912
- Brought changes to party direction in
second Revolution
Immediate Cause
The Railway Problem
The Wuchang Uprising
The Railway Problem
•railway project was extensively carried out by provincial
Authority, and dominated by the foreigners,
with funds locally raised
•1911, the Central government asked for nationalizing the
railways
Why was the railway nationalized?
•Facilitate central administration
•improve finance
•speed up reforms
•Caused opposition to nationalization was strong in Sichuan
province
•Societies for the Protection of Railway Rights was set up
•popular discontent developed into riots
•government resorted to suppression and killed people in
Chengdu Massacre
•Government transferred New Army from Hubei to Sichuan
•Revolutionaries planned the uprising in October 1911.
Wuchang Uprising
•Explosion at Hankou on 9 Oct.->release of namelist of
revolutionaries of New Army
•Revolutionaries started uprising on 10 October
•on hearing the army mutiny, the Manzhu governor
-general fled.
Unplanned, disorganized
--nationwide revolution.
•In absence of leader, the soldiers forced Li Yuanhong
to assume the commander of the revolutionary army
•they took Wucheng, Hankou and Hanyang with little
•bloodshed.
•A military government was set up at Wuchang in the
name of Republic of China
•Other provinces declared independent of the Manzhu
government and gave Wuchang government
immediate support.
•Sun returned and became the president of the
Republic of China Jan. 1912.
•Qing recalled Yuan from his retirement
after the uprising
•Yuan promised to suppress upon conditions
•giving him full military power
•appointing him the premier
•calling the National parliament
•pardoning the political prisoners, revolutionaries,
(to pacify them)
•After some fightings, he negotiated with
the revolutionaries
•Yuan persuaded Xuantong to abdicate
•Sun agreed to step down--> Why?
•His army was no match with Yuan’s army
•a government headed by sourtherner
would not be accepted by north
•foreign powers would support Yuan + prevent civil wa
-Emperor Xuntong promised to abdicate on 12 Jan
Sun also stepped down the next day and set 3 conditions
1. Nanjing remained the seat of government
2. Yuan was to assume the presidency at Nanjing
3. Yuan was to rule accordance with the constitution
Yuan Shikai was elected the provisional president
and Li Yuenhong as the vice-president.
Significance of the 1911 Revolution
Achievement (bright side)
1. The end of dynastic system
-driving out the Manzhus,
-Restoring Chinese rule and establishing
The republic—turning point in modern China
2. The abolition of ruling by one race
3. The change in life and culture
4. Rise of nationalism in Souteast Asia
-beginning of decolonization
5. Promotion of racial harmony
6. Bridging the gap between China and the
West
Limitation (dark side)
1. The power struggle between Yuan and
Revolutionaries 1912-6
• Did not bring real democracy to China
• Did not pay effort on national reconstruction
• Handed power to Yuan—Monarchical
Movement
• Sun did not set up a true democratic
Government“government of the people,
by the people, for the people”
2. Little attention to improving the
Livelihood of the people
•No socio-economic reform
3. The Warlord Period 1916-28/ Unable to build
China with democracy
A lack of strong basis of national unity
•Conflicts between the northern and southern
Provinces
•Did not reduce the power of the provincial
Authorities—act independently
•Power struggle between the old and new
Political parties in the parliament—monarchical
Movement
•After Yuan’s death, warlord period started
1916-28
4. The foreign threat /Unable to defend against
Foreign threat
• Unable to resist the foreign aggression
•21 demands further added to the unequal
Treaties
•Britain and France did not give up unequal
treaties
5. The May Fourth Movement 1919
-beginning of Chinese nationalism
How significant was the 1911 Revolution on
Chinese modernization?
Achievement (bright/ positive side)
Immediate:
1. The end of dynastic system
-driving out the Manzhus,
-Restoring Chinese rule and establishing
The republic—turning point in modern China
2. Setting up a republic and constitutional
Government
3. The abolition of ruling by one race
4. The change in life and culture
Long term:
5. Rise of nationalism in Souteast Asia
-beginning of decolonization
-Chinese were awakened
6. Promotion of racial harmony
7. Bridging the gap between China and the
West
Limitation (dark/ negative side)
1. The power struggle between Yuan and
Revolutionaries 1912-6
• Did not bring real democracy to China
• Did not pay effort on national reconstruction
• Handed power to Yuan—Monarchical
Movement
• Sun did not set up a true democratic
Government“government of the people,
by the people, for the people”
2. Little attention to improving the
Livelihood of the people
•No socio-economic reform
3. The Warlord Period 1916-28/ Unable to build
China with democracy
A lack of strong basis of national unity
•Conflicts between the northern and southern
Provinces
•Did not reduce the power of the provincial
Authorities—act independently
B. Implementation
1. Politically: the Republic of China
2. Diplomatically: continued his fight against
Foreign imperialism
3. Legally: constitution that people should
Enjoy freedom of ….+ Sun protected the
Constitution
4. Economically: railway construction (200000
Miles within 10 years)
5. Culturally: Christian calendar+ western
Culture
6. Socially: Mister or Gentlemen
How successful were Sun’s ideas in modernizing
China by 1920?
How successful was 1911 Revolution in
Achieving the ideas of Sun?
•Power struggle between the old and new
Political parties in the parliament—monarchical
Movement
•After Yuan’s death, warlord period started
1916-28
4. The foreign threat /Unable to defend against
Foreign threat
• Unable to resist the foreign aggression-Sun
& revolutionary government had promised to r
Respect the treaty rights of the powers
•21 demands further added to the unequal
Treaties
•Britain and France did not give up unequal
treaties
5. The May Fourth Movement 1919
-beginning of Chinese nationalism
The 1911 Revolution opened a new page, but
Could not help the lives of the Chinese people.
China was even more politically and
Socially unstable.
Sun’s ideas of modernization
And their implementation
during the early
Republic years (1911-12)
A. The Three Principles
• Three People’s Principles
• Nationalism: China had to free herself
From foreign interference
• Democracy: all people were born with basic
Natural rights and should have a say
• Socialism: economic reforms should be
Carried out to improve people’s
livelihood