Transcript 16th Amendment - Saint Joseph High School

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16 Amendment

Gave Congress the power to levy an
income tax.
– Allowed government to raise more revenue
from wealthy people’s incomes and less
from tariffs that hurt the working poor.
17th Amendment

Provides for the direct election of
senators.
– By taking the election of senators out of the
hands of the legislature, voters were able
to play a more direct role in the
government.
th
18 Amendment

Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquor
– Americans could not make, sell, or import
liquor. It was later repealed in 1933.
Goals of the Reform Minded
People

Who were the Reformers?
– Socialist
– Union Members
– Municipal (City) Reformers
• Types of people
– Professionals
– College educated
– Well to do
Socialist’s Goal
To distribute wealth more equally
 To end capitalism
 To nationalize the industries

Union Member’s Goals
To improve hours and wages
 To improve working conditions

Municipal Reformer’s Goal
To end influence of political bosses
 To establish honest cost efficient
government
 To exercise home rule

– Cities would get more power for self
governing
All 3 Groups worked for progress
regarding their concerns so we call
them the PROGRESSIVES
 Progressives Goals

– Increase government regulations of
economic activity
• Regulate prices
Progressives’ Goals cont.

To develop social
welfare programs
– Unemployment
– Worker’s
compensation

To protect workers
in the workplaces
– Safety
– Child labor

Several different
methods were used to
achieve these goals
– Investigate issues of
concern
– Publicize results
• Newspapers,
magazines
– Put pressure on
legislatures to get laws
passed
Progressive Reformers

Lincoln Steffens
– Exposed political
corruption in St.
Louis

Ida Tarbell
– Wrote about the
abuses taken by
Standard Oil Trust
– (Will study more
later)

Florence Kelly
– Worked for women,
children, and families
– Investigated labor
conditions
– Helped pass laws
against child labor
and long work hours
– Use “White List”
Progressive Reformer Critics

Muckrakers
– Given the name by Theodore Roosevelt
– Used to describe writers of the era who
“earned their livelihood by telling
scandalous falsehoods about honest men”.
Progressive Legislation

Local Changes
– Registering voters
– Improved city services
– Established public health programs
– Enforced tenement codes
– Gain control over public utilities
– Established public parks, bath houses, etc.
Progressive Legislation

State Changes
– New York Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
prompts change
– Robert LaFollette
• Battling Bob
• Introduced direct primary: an election in which
voters cast ballots to select nominees for
upcoming elections. Gave voting control to the
public
State Changes cont.
Workers’ accident insurance and
compensation system
 Improve unsafe working conditions
 Set wages for women and children
 Abolish child labor for those under 14
and restrict work hours for women

State Voting Changes

Referendum
– The placing of a
measure up to the
voters for approval or
acceptance

Initiative
– Voters use petitions
to gather support
and force the
placement of a
measure on the
ballot for voters.

Recall
– Put into place to
counteract misdoings
of politicians.
– Voters can circulate
a petition to have a
re-election so that
they may remove a
politician from office.
• Governor Gray Davis
(CA)
Progressive Legislation

Federal Changes
– Regulation of big business, commerce,
preservation of the environment, and social
change.
• United Mine Workers Strike 1902
– Theodore Roosevelt intervenes
– Arbitration: a process in which an impartial third party
decided on a legally binding solution,
» Judge Judy
» Known as the Square Deal
Federal Changes Cont.

Regulate railroads, foods, & drugs
– Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
– Meat Inspection Act
• Requires accurate labeling, strict sanitary
conditions, rating system for meat
– Anti-Trust action suits
• T. Roosevelt broke up 42 monopolies including:
beef trust, Standard Oil, and American Tobacco
Company
Minorities Fight for Change

Several minority groups worked for
reform in this era.
– Chinese Americans
• Formed neighborhoods to help prevent
discrimination from white Americans
• Had worked on the railroads and in gold mines
• Majority of immigrants were on the west coast
Minorities Fight for Change

Native Americans
– Attempted to adopt
beliefs and practices
of the larger
American society in
order to gain
citizenship.
– Wanted to slow
down the allotment
process and allow
people to remain on
the reservations.

Mexican Americans
– Wanted to cross the
border into the
United States to
work for higher
wages
– Moved to area that
were previously part
of Mexico
– Worked in factories
and in agriculture
Minorities Fight for Change

African American
– NAACP
– Founded by W.E.B.Dubois in 1909
– Worked to bring racial inequality to the
attention of white America
– Wanted to stop racial riots against African
Americans
Minorities Fight for Change

Ida B. Wells Bartlett
– Worked to bring
attention to the
lynchings in the
South
– Est. 1200 African
Americans were
lynched between
1882-1892
– Very few were ever
prosecuted for the
crime

Booker T. Washington
– Founded several African
American universities
and colleges
– Tuskagee Institute which
focused on training
young black men in
agriculture and trades
– Read pages 573-575
Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court upheld many Jim Crow laws
– 1896 Homer Plessy argued that his right to equal
protection of the laws had been violated when a
Louisiana Law required separate seating on public
railroads.
– Court held that segregation was legal as long as
the separate facilities were equal.
– Separate but equal was in itself a contradiction
and very difficult to attain.
– Across the south Jim Crow is legalized
Women in the Progressive Era

Women begin to break through barriers
from the past.
– Women earn property rights for married
women
– Access to higher education
• Women’s colleges filled to capacity
• Many state colleges become co-ed
Women in the Progressive Era

Political bosses
worried that women
would clean up
politics.
 Businessmen/Voters
disagreed with
women on many
issues including
child labor laws.

Many felt women
belonged at home
taking care of the
family.
 Many Americans
both men and
women felt it would
demoralize men and
their role in life.
Women in the Progressive Era

National American Women Suffrage
Association (NAWSA)
–
–
–
–
–
–
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Established the right to vote in 1890 in WY
Carrie Chapman Catt becomes president in 1900.
Over 1 million supporters
Used speeches and campaigns to gain support
Some people felt these methods took too long
Women in the Progressive Era

National Women’s Party (NWP)
– Established by Alice Paul in 1913 to break
away from NAWSA
– More aggressive in their tactics
•
•
•
•
Hunger strikes
Protests (picketing)
Rallies and parades
Civil disobedience
– Several members arrested
Women in the Progressive Era
In 1920, the 19th amendment was
officially passed giving women the right
to vote.
 Both organizations continue to work for
women’s rights and encourage women
to educate themselves, vote and
support reform.
