Transcript Document

hookworm
Hookworm
hookworm
hookworm
Cutaneous larval migran
roundworm
hookworm
roundworm
hookworm
roundworm
roundworm
Roundworms
Ocular larval migran
Pulmonary larval migran
Dirofilaria immitis
Microfilaria
whipworm
tapeworm
giardia
coccidia
coccidia
flea
Flea
Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea)
C. Felis is the msot common flea found on dogs
and cats.
C. Canis is actually very uncommon and occurs
less frequently on dogs than cats!!
•Fleas are tiny, but anyone who has seen one can usually
recognize them with ease.
•They're tiny, flat, wingless insects that have a knack for
jumping away before you can catch them.
•Their bodies are covered with hard plates called sclerites, so if
you do catch one, squashing it can be a challenge.
•Their hard outer shell protects fleas from everything from an
animal's teeth to hitting the floor after a long jump.
•Their flattened bodies and these backward-pointing hairs make
it easy for fleas to crawl through their hosts' fur. If something
tries to dislodge them, the hairs act like tiny Velcro anchors.
The mouth parts of the flea
•Two sawlike laciniae cut the
skin. They also fit together to
form a saliva channel.
•The epipharynx is like a needle.
•The laciniae surround the
epipharynx, and together they
form the stylet, or puncturing
organ.
.
•As with all insects, a flea has three
pairs of legs that attach to its thorax.
•The back legs are very long, and the
flea can bend them at several joints.
•The flea bends its leg, and a pad of
elastic protein called resilin stores
energy the way a bowstring does.
•A tendon holds the bent leg in place.
When the flea releases this tendon, the
leg straightens almost instantly, and
the flea accelerates like a bolt from a
crossbow.
•As it lands, the flea uses tiny claws
on the ends of its legs to grasp the
surface under it.
A flea can jump about 7 inches (17.8 centimeters)
vertically or 13 inches (33 centimeters) horizontally. In
human proportions, that's a 250-foot (76-meter) vertical
jump or a 450-foot (137-meter) horizontal jump!!!!
The Life Cycle of the Flea
The Egg
At any given time about one third of the flea
population in someone’s home is present in the egg
stage. The adult female flea lays up to 40 eggs daily.
The eggs are laid on the host where they fall off to
hatch in the environment. Eggs incubate best in high
humidity and temperatures of 65-80 degrees.
Larva
At any given time about 57% of the fleas in someone’s home
are in the larval stage. Larvae are like little caterpillars
crawling around grazing on the flea dirt that is generally in
their vicinity. (Flea eggs and flea dirt both fall off the host.
When the eggs hatch, there is a bounty of food prepared
lovingly by all the host’s fleas waiting for them). This is the
stage that picks up tapeworm eggs (also likely to be in the
vicinity) as they graze.
The time between hatching and pupating (ie the time spent
in the larval stage) depends on environmental conditions. It
can be as short as 9 days.
Pupae
By this life stage most young fleas have been killed off by
an assortment of environmental factors. Only 8% make it
to the pupal stage but once they have spun cocoons they
are nearly invincible. The cocoon is sticky and readily
picks up dust and dirt. Inside the developing cocoon, the
pupa is turning into the flea that we are familiar with.
They are especially protected under carpet, which is why
carpet has developed such a reputation as a shelter for
fleas.
*The pupa can remain
dormant in its cocoon for
many months, maybe even
up to a year as it waits for
the right time to emerge.
Young Adult Flea
After the pupa develops, it does not
automatically emerge from its cocoon. Instead,
it is able to remain in the cocoon until it
detects a nearby host. The mature pupa is able
to detect the vibrations of an approaching host,
carbon dioxide gradients, and sound and light
patterns. When the mature pupa feels the time
is right, he emerges from the cocoon, hungry
and eager to find a host.
A common scenario occurs when a dog is boarded while the
owner is on vacation. The owner picks up the dog from the
boarding kennel and returns home. The mature pupae have
been waiting for a host and when the dog enters the home, a
huge number of adult fleas emerge at once and attack the dog
creating a sudden heavy infestation. Often the boarding
kennel is blamed for giving the dog fleas. What really
happened was that the pupae waited to emerge while there was
no host present and then all emerged suddenly when the host
arrived.
**The unfed flea is able to live for months without a blood meal
but during that time it is aggressively using all its powers to
locate a host. Once it finds a host, it will never purposely leave
the host.
Homeless & Hungry!
Need a Hairy Dog
Flea allergy dermatitis
Demodectic Mange
(Demodicosis or Red Mange)
•Demodicosis is caused by a microscopic, cigar-shaped skin
parasite called Demodex.
•This mite is normally found in low numbers in the hair
follicles of all animals, including humans.
•In dogs, the mites (Demodex canis) are passed from the dam
to the puppy during the first few days of life.
•Demodex becomes a problem when the mites multiply
and proliferate inside the hair follicles.
•Their massive numbers cause an inflammatory reaction
and a secondary bacterial infection.
•As a result, the hair follicles are destroyed.
•Demodex occurs in animals with depressed immune systems.
•It is also seen in animals with serious underlying disorders.
•Dogs with diabetes, Cushing's disease, and cancer often
develop demodicosis.
•Demodicosis is frequently seen in puppies and young dogs.
•Ninety percent of the puppies diagnosed with Demodex
improve spontaneously by eight months to three years of age.
•This is the age when the dog's immune system reaches
maturity.
•Three forms of domodicosis are recognized in dogs: localized
demodicosis, generalized demodicosis, and pododemodicosis.
Demodectic
Mange Mite
Sarcoptes scabei (Scabies Mites)
Sarcoptse sacbei Mite
•Almost every domestic species
has its own distinct variety of
this mite.
•S. scabei var. canis (dogs)
•Notedres cati (cats)
•Very pruritic because burrow
into skin.
• Scaly, crusty, skin lesions
develop on the ears, lateral
elbows and ventral abdomen.
Ear mites
(Otodectes cyonits)
Ear mite debris
•Common cause of otitis externa in dogs, cats and
ferrets.
•Occur primarily in the external canal, ear mites
may be found anywhere on the body.
•A common infestation site is the tail and head.
•Mites are spread by direct contact.
•Transmissible among and between
canines and felines.
Ear Mite Egg
Ear Mite (Psorptes cuniculi)
Rabbit Ear Mite
•Ticks are small to medium sized acarines (in the class Acarina)
with dorsoventrally compressed, leathery bodies.
•The head, or capitulum, serves as an organ of cutting and
attachment. It is made of a penetrating anchorlike sucking organ,
the hypostome; and four accessory appendages, two cutting
chelicerae and two pedipalps, which act as sensors and supports
when the tick fastens to the host’s body.
•The body may be covered by a hard, chitinous plate, the scutum.
•Most ticks are inornate; reddish or mahogany without markings.
•Some species are ornate and have a distinctive white patterns on
the dark scutum background
•Adult ticks have 8 legs, with claws on the ends.
Ticks
Engorged Tick
tick
•Ticks have a voracious blood-feeding activity.
•They transmit many parasitic, bacterial, viral and
other diseases, such as borreliosis (Lyme disease),
among animals and from animals to humans.
•The salivary secretions of some female ticks are
toxic and can produce a syndrome known as “tick
paralysis” in human beings and animals.
•Tics are divided into two categories :
Argasid – soft ticks
Ixodid –hard ticks
Tick Life Cycle
•After engorging on a blood meal, the female ticks
drop off the host and seek protected places, suck as
within cracks and crevices or under leaves and
branches to lay their eggs.
•The six-legged larvar, or seed tick, hatch from the
eggs and feed on a host.
•The larva molts to the eight-legged nymphal stage,.
•After one or two blood meals, the nymph matures
and molts to the adult stage.
•During the larval, numphal, and adult stages, ticks
may infest many different host species. This plays an
important role in the transmission of disease
pathogens to many hosts.
Engorged Tick
•Surface dwelling (nonburrowing), residing in the keratin
layer of the skin and in the haircoat of the host.
•Ingest keratin debris and fluids.
•Hosts include the dog, cat and rabbit.
•Distinct features : large, visible to the unaided eye.
Microscopically, they have large hook-like mouthparts
(palpi).
•Body shape resembles a shield.
•Appear as moving “dandruff” flakes alont the dorsal midline
and head of the host.
These mites can temporarily infest humans causing skin
irritation and some itching. In severe cases, some open
lesions may occur.
•Two orders exist : Mallophagia (biting lice) and Anoplura (sucking
lice)
•A “disease of neglect.”
•Some of the most prolific ectoparasites of domestic animals.
•Infestation by lice is called pediculosis.
•The eggs are called nits.
•Dosoventraly flattened, wingless insects.
•Transmitted by direct contact, but all life stages may be transmitted by
fomites (inanimate objects such as blankets, brushes and other
grooming equipment).
•Species specific. Ex. Dog lice parasitize dogs only.
• Severe lice infestations can drop packed cell volumes as
much as 10%to 20%, sometimes causing fatality.
•Infested animals may be come more susceptible to other
diseases and parasites and may succumb to stresses not
ordinarily pathologic to uninfested animals.
Characteristically, the head of every chewing louse
is wider than the widest portion of the thorax.
The thorax contains 3 pairs of legs.
They are smaller than sucking lice.
Usually yellow and have a large, round head.
Hog Sucking Louse
Sucking lice are red to gray (color depends on amount
of blood ingested)
Heads are narrower than widest portion of thorax.
Have pincerlike claws.
Trichodectes canis canine biting louse
Hematopinus suis, the blood-sucking louse
of swine
Note : Humans cannot get lice
from pets. The pet cannot get
lice from humans. Remember,
SPECIES SPECIFIC!!
Flies
• The order Diptera includes many different species of flies.
•Diptera are a large, complex order of insects.
•As adults, most have only one pair of wings (di-(two),ptera(wings).
•Diptera members vary insize, food source preference, and
developmental stage that parasitizes the animal or produces
lesions.
•Dipterans may feed intermittently on vertebrate blood, saliva,
tears of mucus.
•As larvae, thay may develop in the subcutaneous tissues or within
internal organs.
•Adult dipterans that make frequent visits to the vertebrate host to
intermittently feed on blood are called periodic parasites.
•Dipteran larvae that develop in the tissue or organs of the
vetebrate host, produce a condition called myasis.
Cuterebra speceis (Wolf Warble)
•Larvae infest the skin of rabbits, squirrels, mice, rats,
chipmunks, and occasionally, dogs and cats.
•2nd stage larvae are grublike, 5-10mm ling and cream to
grayish white in color.
•3rd stage larvae are large, robust, black, and heavily spined.
•Larval stages are usually found in swollen, cystlike
subcutaneous sites, with a fistula or pore communicating to
the outside environment. The larva breathes through this pore.
•Larval sites are most commonly found on the neck and face,
however they have been discovered in the eye.
**Important:
Cuderebra larva must be carefully removed. Usually,
the breathing hole is enlarged and the larva is
removed with thumb forceps.
If the larva is crushed during extraction, anaphylaxis
may occur.
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