Transcript Document

ATTITUDES ON TORTURE
Projekat finansira
Evropska unija
Mart 2012
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may not be disclosed or reproduced without the prior written consent of Ipsos.
SADRŽAJ
1.Methodology
2.Attitudes on torture
3.Conclusions
2
METHODOLOGY
 Method of data collection: CATI (telephone survey)
 Source of data based on a representative sample of the population above 18 years
and over
 The sample size was 807 respondents
 Type was random sample, two-stage, stratified sample:
 The choice of a simple random sample of households (SRSWoR)
 The choice of a household member per quota criteria
 Stratification is based on:
 Type of settlement - urban / rural
 Geo-economic regions
 Data collection was done from 18 March to 21 March 2012
 Post stratification on the basis of gender, age, type of settlements and geo-economic
regions
 95% statistical confidence interval for the occurrence of an incidence of 50% + / - 3.5%
 Automatic control procedures, interactive control of consistency and logic control
response in 100%
3
Sample
Sample March 2012
N = 807
∑ = 100% by
characteristic
ATTITUDES
ON TORTURE
Most of the countries of the world adopted the rule that prohibits torturing
prisoners. Which of the following two positions is closer to you:
Base:
Total target population
Question: Most of the countries of the world adopted the rule that prohibits torturing prisoners. Which of the following two positions is closer to you:
6
Most of the countries of the world adopted the rule that prohibits torturing
prisoners. Which of the following two positions is closer to you:
Base:
Total target population
Question: Most of the countries of the world adopted the rule that prohibits torturing prisoners. Which of the following two positions is closer to you:
:
7
What about cases that have nothing to do with terrorism? Do you think there should
be rules that prohibit torture in all other cases and do you think that governments
should generally be allowed to attempt to obtain information through abuse?
Base: Those 18% of the target population who justify torture as a means of combating terrorism
8
What about cases unrelated to terrorism? Do you think there should be rules which
prohibit torture in all other cases or you think that governments should generally be
allowed to use torture in trying to obtain information?
% Governments
should be allowed to
use torture
5
3
9
7
3
8
13
3
4
2
4
3
12 11
6
7
7
5
8
6
7
11
6
17
8
6
0
18
47
31
5
13 15 10 12
1
5
22
6
13
40
20
27
18
12
15 15
23
% I don't know/ I'm
not sure
6
8
19 13
29
10
18
26
38
29
39
28
34
34
% There should be
prohibition but
exceptions as well
47
82 82 82
73
56
53
66
61
54 54
49
44
48
43
41
36
36
Base: Those who think that terrorists represent an extreme threat (Montenegro: 18% of the target population)
Question: Do you think there should be rules which prohibit torture in all other cases or you think that governments should generally be allowed to use torture in trying to
obtain information
India
Thailand
Nigeria
N. Korea
Indonesia
China
Turkey
Iran
Egypt
Azerbaijan
Palestine
Russia
Ukraine
Poland
Spain
Great Britain
France
USA
Mexico
Average
28
Montenegro
% Keep clear rule
on prohibition of
torture in all other
cases
66
62 59
9
In which cases, in addition to terrorism, the authorities should be allowed to
use torture to obtain information? Multiple responses
Murder
32%
National security / Security of citizens
14%
Abuse of minors
14%
Sexual violence
12%
Narcotics smuggling
8%
Robbery
7%
Organised crime
6%
Abduction
4%
Family violence
4%
Corruption
Genocide
Other
Don't know / Don't want to answer
2%
1%
5%
30%
Base: Those who said that governments should be allowed to use torture and that there should be prohibitions, but also exceptions (10% of the target population)
Question: In which cases, in addition to terrorism, the authorities should be allowed to use torture to obtain information
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Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or
completely justified to abuse prisoners?
 2 - Generally unjustified
 1 - Absolutely unjustified
 3 – Generally justified
 4 – Completely justified
Suma 3+4 (it is justified):
Suma 1+2 (it is not justified):
If a person is not a citizen of
Montenegro
If ordered by a high authority
In the case of internal political
instability
In order to obtain information about
a crime or a confession of a person
suspected of committing that crime
In case of war or threat of war
If the prisoner has attacked a guard
In case of a serious crime such as
murder
If the prisoner is a multiple criminal
offender
90
86
86
21
5 38
64
22
6 4 10
Ø 1,47
6 39
Ø 1,49
61
80
26
48
80
32
51
64
28
36
63
37
Base:
Overall target population
Question: Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or absolutely justified to abuse prisoners?
11
5 16
Ø 1,72
12
5 17
Ø 1,70
18
14
33
Ø 2,11
22
18
15
33
Ø 2,08
20
20
28
40
57
Mean: Ø 1,41
68
19
39 Ø 2,22
11
Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or
completely justified to abuse prisoners?
age 18-29
age 30-44
age 45-59
age 60+
2,5
2,4
2,1
Ø
2,1
2,2
2,12,2
Mean:
2,2
2,2
2
1,9
1,9
1,9
1,7
1,61,7
1,7
1,6
1,6
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,5
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,4
1,5
1,4
1,4
1,3
If the prisoner is a If the prisoner has
In case of a
multiple criminal attacked a guard
serious crime
offender
such as murder
In order to obtain In case of war or In case of internal
information about
threat of war
political instability
a crime or a
confession of a
person suspected
of committing that
crime
Base:
Overall target population
Question: Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or completely justified to abuse prisoners?
If ordered by a
high authority
If the person is
not a citizen of
Montenegro
12
Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or
completely justified to abuse prisoners?
If ordered by a high authority
Total
10
4
Justified (3+4)
age 18-29
age 60+
Don't know
17
age 30-44
age 45-59
86
11
7
5
83
3
4
8
Unjustified (1+2)
86
89
87
Base:
Overall target population
Question: Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or completely justified to abuse prisoners?
13
Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or
completely justified to abuse prisoners?
In case of war or threat of war
Total
17
3
80
Justified (3+4)
age 18-29
26
age 30-44
15
age 45-59
15
age 60+
13
Don't know
1
2
73
83
5
5
Unjustified (1+2)
80
82
Base:
Overall target population
Question: Do you find it absolutely unjustified, generally unjustified, generally justified or completely justified to abuse prisoners?
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Do you find that prisoners in Montenegro are ...
Base: Overall target population
Base: Those who think that prisoners are subjected to abuse
(67% of the target population)
Often exposed to abuse
More often exposed to physical abuse
Rarely exposed to abuse
More often exposed to psychological abuse
Never exposed to abuse
Don't know
23,1
Equally exposed to physical and psychological abuse
Don't know
6,6 11,8
23,3
22,4
10,0
59,2
43,6
15
Do you find that prisoners in Montenegro are ...
Base:
Often exposed to abuse
Rarely exposed to abuse
Never exposed to abuse
Don't know
23,1
23,3
Overall target population
More often exposed to physical abuse
More often exposed to psychological abuse
Equally exposed to physical and psychological abuse
Never exposed to abuse
Don't know
27,6
7,9
15,0
10,0
10,0
43,6
39,6
16
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
 1 - I strongly disagree
 2 - I disagree in general
 3 – I agree in general
 4 – I strongly agree
Mean:
Sum 1+2 (disagree):
Abuse and torture often occur
in prisons and police stations,
but they are rarely reported
because of fear of retaliation
Accused of crimes often
falsely report police abuse
during the arrest or
investigation in order to be
acquitted
Base:
Question:
33
40
Sum 3+4 (agree):
18
22
15
18
36
39
60
24
12
51
Ø 2,7
Ø 2,5
Overall target population
To what extent do you agree with the following statements?
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CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSION
• Even 79% of Montenegrin citizens believe that any kind of torture should
be prohibited since torture is immoral and it violates human rights.
• 18% of the population supports the attitude that terrorists represent
such an extreme threat that governments should be enabled to apply a
certain degree of torture in the cases of search for information that can
save lives of others.
• This result showed that attitude of Montenegrin citizens is closest to the
attitude of average citizen of France, Britain and Spain, and even 26%
more liberal compared to the attitude of the United States citizens, a
country considered as the cradle of democracy.
• Significant differences were observed in the attitudes of men and
women and different religious communities. Women are more sensitive
to this issue, and rarely found reasons and justifications for torture. Also,
the Catholics expressed similar attitude.
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CONCLUSION
• Of those who approve torture of terrorists, 44% believed that the
prohibition against torture must exist in all other cases, except terrorism
(in total 8% of the population). Therefore, 8% of Montenegrin citizens
approve torture as a mean for obtaining information in the cases of
terrorism while they do not support its use in any other cases. This
shows that this part of the population considers terrorism as a very
serious crime and a major threat to general security.
• On the other hand, 47% of those who approve torture against terrorists
think that in cases unrelated to terrorism it should be prohibited, but
with exceptions (8% of total population),while 5% believe that
governments should be allowed to apply it regardless of the criminal
offense.
• Around 10% of the population supports maltreatment, either partially
or completely.
•
This result shows that attitudes of Montenegrin citizens are closest to the
attitudes of citizens of Egypt, North Korea, Iran, Russia, and Nigeria.
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CONCLUSION
• It is upsetting that out of those persons who approve the use of torture,
even 1/3 believes that the government should be allowed to use torture to
prevent or solve murders.
• In addition to the crime of murder, the respondents chose National security
and Abuse of minors, as well as Sexual violence as cases in which the
authorities should be allowed to use torture to solve or prevent such
incidents.
• Citizens of Montenegro find it most acceptable to abuse prisoners in case of
multiple perpetrators, i.e. returnees: 39% of the population considers the
use of torture in this case generally or completely justified.
• One third of the population supports torture of a convict who had
committed grave criminal offense or assaulted a prison guard.
• Torture in cases of extraordinary circumstances (17% in case of war or 9% in
case of internal political instability) and abuse of prisoners to obtain
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information or a confession (16%) has a slightly lower level of approval.
CONCLUSION
• Harsh authoritarian and nationalistic attitudes are present in a relatively
small percentage of the population: while 10% considers torture
(generally or completely) justified if ordered by a high state authority,
8% finds it justified if the person is not a citizen of Montenegro.
• It is rather upsetting that the youngest population (18 to 29 years of
age) tends to approve the use of torture: their support is given to
statements that are much more conservative and rigorous than same
statements chosen by older citizens.
22
CONCLUSION
• More than 2/3 of the citizens of Montenegro think that prisoners are
subjected to some form of torture:
•
- 44% believes that torture is rarely, but nevertheless enforced, and 23%
considers that the abuse occurs often.
- Only 10% of citizens believe that prisoners are never subjected to
abuse.
• Those who believe that prisoners in Montenegro are exposed to abuse
most often state that convicted persons are equally exposed to physical
and psychological abuse (59%).
• 22% emphasizes psychological abuse, while a relatively small
percentage (12%) believes that torture includes solely the use of
physical force.
23
CONCLUSION
• Majority of citizens agree (partially or fully) with the statement that the
abuse is present in prisons and police stations, but due to fear of
retaliation it is rarely reported (60%), and even a quarter of population
fully agrees with this statement.
• On the other hand, citizens show slightly less empathy when it comes to
persons who have already been accused of crimes:
•
More than half of citizens (51%) believe that the accused of crimes
falsely report torture by police in order to be acquitted. 40% of the
population does not agree (in part or in full) with this attitude.
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25