Transcript A review of individual differences in field dependence as

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A review of individual
differences in field dependence
as a factor in auto safety
Professor: Liu
Student: Ruby
Objective
To review the studies, which
related to driver behavior in
relation to field dependence.
Suggesting several hypotheses
concerning the role of field
dependence in auto accidents.
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References
Two groups of male drivers, one is
the no accidents during the period,
the other is had at least three.
Field dependence drivers tended to
have more accidents than field
independence drivers.
The EFT scores increased when the
drivers had many accidents.
(Harano, 1963; 1970)
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The EFT was the only significant
predictor of accident frequency among
a set of variables including age,
education and mileage.
The field dependence male drivers
were found to have significantly more
traffic accidents.
(Jameson, McLellan, and Jackson, 1971)
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The result of the first study showed
that the EFT scores related to accident
frequency. (the male telephone company drivers: non-accident
and more than 2 times accidents in past 3 years.)
The result of the second study showed
that the EFT scores related to number
of accidents, year of driving
experience, and miles driven per year.
(the male telephone company drivers in different area: non-accident and
more than 2 times accidents in past 3 years.)
(Williams, 1971)
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Drivers who were non-accident and
more than two accidents in past 5 years.
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same distances under similar driving
conditions.
The EFT and the RFT scores significantly
related to accident frequency.
(Mihal and Barrett, 1975)
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Methodological problems involved in the study of
field dependence and driver behavior
Observation of driver behavior under
simulated driving conditions.
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Under some conditions of simulation field
independence participants become sickness
and can not be tested effectively.
The field independence people tend to become
sick in the simulator device.
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Methodological problems involved in the study
of field dependence and driver behavior
Observations of drivers while
operating autos under actual driving
conditions.

It is possible to simulate emergency
conditions without dangerous to the driver.
Classification of accidents based on a
reconstruction of events.


leading up to accident incidents that have
actually happened.
This method is important because it deals with
the actual events of interest.
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Sensitivity to bodily cues under conditions of skid
The control of a skidding auto may be
more effective on field independent
drivers.
The field dependence drivers failed to
learn from repeated exposure to the
simulated emertgency. (on the RFT)
(Olson, 1974)
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Sensitivity to bodily cues under conditions of skid
The performance in complex
perceptual-motor tasks in regulated
primarily by visual cues initially.
The kinesthetic feedback generally
becomes more important as
experience with the task increases.
(Fleishman and Rich, 1963)
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Sensitivity to bodily cues under conditions of skid
The field independence participants
should more easily learn to use kinesthetic
feedback and more effectively learn to
control their skidding cars.
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Overcoming embeddedness in the
recognition of developing hazards
Field dependence drivers are slow in
reaction time when the emergencies
has been examined in an important
series of simulation studies using
both the EFT and RFT.
the relevant cues are camouflaged in the
stimulus field.
(Barrett and Thornton, 1968b; Barrett,
Thornton, and Cabe, 1969)
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Overcoming embeddedness in the
perception of road sign
The traffic signs which are embedded
in a complex visual scene may go
unnoticed, particularly by field
dependence drivers.
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Overcoming embeddedness in the
perception of road sign
 Mihal and Barrett in 1975’s research:
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Used the traffic environment pictures to test the
participants’ reaction time.
Three stimuli were tested:
 Measure the subject’s capacity to disembed signs
from road scenes.
 Measure simple reaction times
 Measure choice reaction times.
Reaction times to the embedded signs were significantly
related the field dependence.
Violations and accidents which involve the failure to
heed road signs may be more frequent among field
dependence than among field independence drivers.
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Defensive driving in high speed traffic
Field independence drivers are more
likely to show defensive behaviors.
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Tend to minimize the likelihood of involvement
in “ fender-bender” accidents of this type.
May be able to overcome the embedding
structure and respond to the less salient, but
cues down the road.
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Defensive driving in high speed traffic
The field dependence and field
independence drivers differ in carfollowing behavior has been tested.

Olson in 1974’s research:
 The closed condition had no difference in reaction
time between field dependence/independence.
 The normal conditions had field independence
drivers had shorter reaction times.
-->the field independence drivers make more use
of lead-car cues under the conditions.
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Defensive driving in high speed traffic
Field independence drivers should
have high reaction constants and
should be relatively safe.
The driver of the following car in the
collision pair will be particularly field
dependence.
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Summary and conclusions
Field dependence drivers:
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Do not quickly recognize developing hazards.
Slower in responding to embedded road signs.
Have difficulty in learning to control a skidding
vehicle.
Fail to drive defensively in high speed traffic.
suggest the different kinds of driver training
may be needed for different kinds of people.
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