Transcript Technology - FOTBasics

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Technology
By R. Thomas Wright
The Goodheart-Willcox
Company, Inc.
Tinley Park, Illinois
www.g-w.com
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Section 2
Technological
System
Components
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Chapter 6
Outputs and Feedback and
Control
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Learning Objectives
• Describe the relationship between the outputs
and feedback and control in technology
systems.
• Identify the major types of outputs of various
technology systems.
• Differentiate between desired and undesired,
intended and unintended, and immediate and
delayed outputs of technological systems.
• Define feedback as used in technology
systems.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Learning Objectives
• Differentiate between the two major types of
internal control systems.
• Describe the major components of internal
control systems.
• Describe the difference between manual and
automatic control in internal control systems.
• Identify external controls in technology
systems.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Technological System
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Outputs
• The desirable outputs of technological
systems satisfy a technological problem or
opportunity.
• There can also be undesirable outputs,
however, like pollution, soil erosion, or other
problems.
• The intended outputs are expected and may
be desirable or undesirable.
• Unintended outputs, which were not
expected, may also result from systems.
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Immediate and Delayed Outputs
• Most technological systems are
designed to produce a product or
service for use now, which results in
immediate outputs.
• Aerosol cans and sulfur dioxide
eventually creating pollution are
examples of delayed outputs.
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Feedback and Control
• We can view internal control systems
from three different angles:
– Types of control systems.
– Components of control systems.
– Operations of control systems.
• There are also external controls, such
as political actions and personal value
systems, to be considered.
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Types of Control Systems
• Two major types of control systems used:
– Open-loop control and closed-loop control.
• Open-loop systems use no feedback.
• More systems use closed-loop systems, which means
these systems use feedback.
• Technology systems, such as manufacturing, use market
research, quality control, inventory control, process
control, material resource control, and wage control.
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Components of Control
Systems
• Monitoring devices include:
– Mechanical sensors, thermal sensors,
optical sensors, electrical or electronic
sensors, and magnetic
(electromagnetic) sensors.
• Data-comparing devices like:
– Analytical systems and judgmental
systems.
• Adjusting devices are controllers.
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Adjusting Devices
• Four adjusting devices:
– Mechanical controllers: cams, levers, and other
linkages.
– Electromechanical controllers: electromagnetic
coils and forces to move linkages.
– Electrical and electronic controllers: switches,
transistors, and integrated circuits.
– Fluidic controllers: fluids and air.
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The Operation of Control
Systems
• Technological control systems can be
classified as:
– Manual control systems like systems that
pilots would use.
– Automatic control systems like
thermostats in heating systems.
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External Controls
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Effects of Control Systems
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Discussion
Do public opinions and laws govern
technological actions? In what way?
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Career Corner
• Dental hygienists.
– Examine patients’ teeth and gums and record the
presence of diseases.
– Use a variety of tools and machines, including
instruments to clean teeth and X-ray machines to
take dental pictures.
– Must graduate from an accredited dental hygiene
school and pass a written and clinical
examination.
American Dental Hygienists
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Review
What effect do feedback and control
have on outputs in technological
systems?
Outputs are the results of the system that
are, in turn, modified or corrected by
feedback and control.
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Review
How are outputs categorized?
Outputs are categorized in three ways:
desirable/undesirable,
intended/unintended, and
immediate/delayed.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are the desirable and undesirable
outputs of transportation technology?
The desirable output is the movement of
goods and people, while the undesirable
output is the fumes and toxic by-products
of different modes of transportation.
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Review
Define feedback as used in technology
systems.
Using information from the output of a
system to control or regulate the system
or its inputs to affect the output.
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Review
What are the major types of internal
control systems?
Open-loop control and closed-loop
control.
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Review
What are the components of internal
control systems?
Monitoring devices, data-comparing
devices, and adjusting devices.
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Review
Name a few types of monitoring devices.
Mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical and
electronic, and magnetic (electromagnetic)
sensors.
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Review
Define manual and automatic control
systems.
Automatic control systems: systems
that can monitor, compare, and adjust a
system without human interference.
Manual control systems: systems that
require humans to adjust the process.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review
What are a few external controls?
Consumers, environmentalists, politicians,
church leaders, or foreign competitors.
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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.