Transcript Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution
Note-taking
 I will post questions or headings for each content area that I will
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be discussing.
You will listen to the class discussion and write down what YOU
deem as important.
Then I will post what I deem as important for 1-2 MINUTES.
This is not the time to copy down what is on the board as fast as
you can, but check your work and add toy our notes.
CLASS DISCUSSIONS ARE INCLUDED WITH NOTES,
WHICH MAY NOT BE IN THE POWERPOINT
PRESENTATION, BUT YOU CAN STILL BE TESTED ON THIS
MATERIAL.
First let’s look at two questions.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
How did the Industrial Revolution come
about?
What was the Industrial Revolution?
 Industrial Revolution is the change in social and economic
organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools
with machines and from the development of large scale
industrial production.
 It began in the early 1800’s before the Civil War and
continued with industrial growth through the 1900’s.
How did the Industrial Revolution come
about?
 The industrial boom occurred for three reasons:
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The wealth of natural resources
Government support for business
A growing urban population that provided both cheap labor
and markets for new products.
What inventions/innovations came
out of the Industrial Revolution?
What inventions/innovations came out
of the Industrial Revolution?
 Technology: taking the innovations from the lead inventors
and applying them to industry.
 Patent: gives the inventor the exclusive rights to make, use
and sell their invention for a certain time period.
 American ingenuity: business men invested money in
creating new businesses and expanded old ones.
New forms of energy
 Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company sent Edwin L. Drake drilled for
oil; its byproducts are gasoline, kerosene, and petroleum jelly.
 Significance: led to other towns opening up oil refineries.
 Bessemer Process: Perfected by Henry Bessemer removing
carbon from iron by injecting air into molten iron and it
produces steel.
 Thomas A. Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb, the
phonograph, motion picture cameras, etc.
 Henry Ford created the Model T in 1908. Ford made the car was
affordable by perfecting the assembly line.
New forms of energy
 Samuel E. Morse patented the telegraph and created the Morse
Code- that was a series of short and long electrical impulses that
represent letters of the alphabet.
 Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson patented the “talking
telephone”.
 Significance: led to world wide communication.
The Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad
 The railway extended from Omaha, Nebraska to Sacramento,
California.
 The railway was built by two companies, Central Pacific and
Union Pacific Railroad companies. Both were funded by grants
from the government.
 Central Pacific hired Chinese immigrants and the Union Pacific
hired Irish Immigrants and Civil War Veterans. They suffered
attacks from Native Americans and many diseases.
 It was finish on May 10, 1869 and the two companies met at
Promontory Summit. (Utah)
The Transcontinental Railroad
 Time Zones created by Professor C.F. Dowd. The earth was
divided into 24 times zones. The United States had 4Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific.
 Significance: People were able to get to places on time,
towns were set up by railroad tracks, and iron, coal, steel,
lumber and glass companies were expanded
Big Business
Big Business
 Charles Darwin created the theory of “natural selection” in which the
strongest survives.
 Social Darwinism states that society should do as little as possible
to interfere with people’s pursuit of success or the government
should not get involved.
 This is also stated in Adam Smith’s “Wealth of the nations” in the idea
of Laissez-faire or government should play a limited role in
business.
 Robber Barons: business leaders that built their fortunes by
stealing from the public or Captains of Industry: business leaders
that served their nation in a positive way.
Big Business
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Different terms for Big Business.
Monopoly: a complete control of a product or service. This is
illegal because it goes against capitalism. Public utilities are a
monopoly, but today are regulated by the government.
Oligopoly: a market structure dominated by only a few large,
profitable firms.
Merger: two or more companies that join together.
Capitalism: economic system in which the means of production
and distribution are privately owned.
Communism: Economic system in which production is owned by
the government.
Big Business
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Robber Baron or Captain of Industry?
J.P. Morgan: an American financer.
Andrew Carnegie: owner of Carnegie steel in 1899
John D. Rockefeller: company of Standard Oil in 1870
Cornelius Vanderbilt: built his wealth in shipping and railroads
Jay Gould: a speculator who was involved in the railroad and
newspaper companies.
What affects did the Industrial Revolution
have on the American society?
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What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?
 Electricity: It allowed businesses to stay open later and factories
could be located anywhere.
 The telephone and the typewriter led to women entering the
workforce for the first time.
 Urbanization: movement of people from rural areas to cities.
What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?
 The rich and middle class lived in pleasant neighborhoods while
the poor lived in tenements.
 Tenements: multistory buildings divided into crowded
apartments; that had no water and no sanitation system- which
led to the spread of diseases.
 Factory Life: Workers usually worked 12-16 hour days. There was
no safety devices- people would lose limbs, coal miners’ lungs
were destroyed. Employers would have women and children
because they were easy to control.
What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?
 Unions: an organization of workers who act together to secure
benefits and rights in the workplace.
 It was formed to helped employees, but employers feared them.
 To stop unions they forbid meetings, fired union organizers,
forced employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts- workers could
never strike or join a union, refused to bargain with unions, and
refused to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate
representation.
What affects did the Industrial Revolution have
on the American society?
 Unions would go on strike, which would turn violent.
 The Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike, the
Great Railroad Strike, among others, would fight against hours,
factory conditions, and pay.
 Sherman Anti-trust act: a law that disorganized unions, the
government did not help out their citizens.
 NYC Triangle Shirtwaist factory was set on fire on March 25, 1911.
146 women died due to poor fire escapes, locked doors and a lack
of a sprinkler system.
Progressive Movement
1900-1920
What was the Progressive
Movement?
What was its goals?
What Urban problems did reformers
have to face?
What was the Progressive Movement, and
what was its goals?
 Progressive Movement: was an effort to cure many of the
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problems of American society that had developed during the
industrial growth in U.S. in the last quarter of the19th century.
Three main goals:
1.) to remove corruption from government by taming political
bosses and machines.
2.) to include citizens more directly in the political process.
3.) that the government must play a role to solve social problems
and establish fair business practices.
It was the rejection of Social Darwinism: which most rich
business men believed in.
What Urban Problems did reformers have to
face?
 Housing: poor housing: tenements, row houses, no running
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water or sewage systems.
Transportation: Street cars (San Francisco) and Electric
subways (Boston) to help transport the huge population
Water: Poor access to clean water- led to spread of diseases. By
1870 water filtration was introduced
Sanitation: by 1900 cities developed sewer lines and sanitation
departments.
Crime grew with the population and police officers were created.
Fires were common due to wooden houses. In 1900 fire men and
sprinklers were common and houses were replaced with brick.
What are Political machines?
What are Political machines?
 Political Machines offered services to voters and businesses in
exchange for political or financial support.
 Some bosses used their power to build parks, sewers systems,
and waterworks or give money to schools, hospitals and
orphanages.
 William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed) head of Tammany Hall,
NYC’s powerful Democratic party. He led the Tweed Ring, a
group of corrupt politicians. He charged the city $13 million
for construction of the NYC Courthouse, when it cost $3
million.
What is the difference between
Patronage and Merit?
What is the difference between
Patronage and Merit?
 Patronage: the giving of government jobs to people who had
helped a candidate get elected. “Spoils System”
 President Chester B. Arthur passed the Pendleton Civil
Service Act of 1883.
 A bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments
to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’
performance on an examination.
What are Muckrakers?
What are Muckrakers?
 Muckrakers: Journalist who uncovers wrongdoing in politics or
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business
Ida Tarbell: Wrote a book called “The History of the Standard Oil
Company” about John D. Rockefeller. The book discussed how he
eliminated the competition and ruined the little peoples' lives.
Upton Sinclair : Wrote “The Jungle” about the meat packing
Industry and inspired the creation of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug
Act.
Lincoln Steffens: Wrote “The Shame of the Cities” about the
corruption in the government.
Jacob Riis: Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”, it denounced the
poverty and exploitation of the urban poor.
What different laws/changes were
created during this time period?
What different laws/changes were created during
this time period?
 FDA- Food and Drug Administration
 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906- made many changes to the
way that food was processed.
 All ingredients have to be listed on food packages.
 Labels had to be put on medicine to state what the purpose of it is.
There were illegal substances in the medicine that patients did not
know they were taking
 TR passed this measure based on reading “The Jungle”
 Meat Inspection Act: had to be approved for consumption by the
federal government, all meat plants inspected.
Progressive Political Reforms
Before
Reforms
Party Leaders choose Direct Primaries: Voters select
candidates for state
their party’s candidates.
and local offices
State legislatures
17th Amendment: U.S. senators
choose U.S. senators are elected by popular vote.
Only members of the Initiative: voters can put bills
state legislature can
before the legislation
introduce bills.
Only legislators pass
Referendum: voters can vote on
laws
bills directly
Only courts or the
Recall: voters can remove elected
legislature can remove officials from office
corrupt officials
After
Power
moves
to the
voters.
Moral Changes
 18th amendment: (1919) Prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor
(Repealed in 1933).
 Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) crusaded for prohibition
led by Francis Willard and Carrie Nation
 People firmly believed that alcohol was the root of all evil
 19th amendment: (1920) Granted women full suffrage.
 Led by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone and Julia
ward Howe. This group was divided by the 15th amendment.
 Two groups were National Woman Suffrage Association and Women
Suffrage Association
 Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in the 1920’s.
 Paul was forced to resigned and formed the National’s Woman Party, and
used strategies like mass marches and hunger strikes.
 August 26, 1920- 19th Amendment was passed.
Social Changes
 Social Gospel Movement: preached salvation through service to
the poor.
 Settlement houses: community centers in slum neighborhoods that
provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. Jane
Addams was the founder of Hull House
 YMCA,YWCA, and the Salvation Army tried to aid immigrants and
country folk adjust to city life by helping them find housing, jobs,
new clothes and social groups.
Who were the different Progressive
Presidents?
Who were the different Progressive Presidents?
 Theodore Roosevelt: 26th President 1901-1909
 His program is known as “The Square Deal”, where poor people would
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have the same opportunities as the rich people.
His past jobs were Assistant to the head of the Dept. of the Navy, Police
Commissioner of NYC, Governor of NYC, and VP to President McKinley.
TR was a conservationist and set aside millions of acres to become
National Parks.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
He was known as the Trust-buster. His mission as a President was to end
the trusts between companies.
Trust: Commercial organization managed by appointed trustees for the
benefit of one or more beneficiaries.
Who were the different Progressive Presidents?
 William Howard Taft: 27th President
 Taft was able to reserve more land and brought more anti-trust suits
during his 4 years as President.
 He was not a pro-active President, because he truly did not want to
be President.
 He was hand picked by TR to be his successor.
Who were the different Progressive Presidents?
 The Election of 1912
 TR decided to run for a 3rd term.
 Taft won the Republican nomination.
 Roosevelt with the Progressive created the Progressive Party or
known as the “Bull Moose” Party.
 Woodrow Wilson won the Democratic Nomination.
 The vote: Wilson (41%) Roosevelt (29%) Taft (30%)
Who were the different Progressive Presidents?
 Woodrow Wilson
 Past experience: New Jersey Governor and President of Princeton
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University.
His policy was “New Freedom”- he promised to enforce anti-trust laws
with threatening economic competition.
The Underwood Tariff Act (1913): reduced average tariff rates from 40%
to 25%.
Passed the 16th amendment- Income tax
1914 Clayton Anti-trust Act: stop monopolies and price cutting in local
markets to squeeze out competitors was forbidden.
Federal Reserve Act: creates 12 reserve banks in different regions of
the U.S
Elastic Currency: Create and distribute more money. We have more
people in the U.S. need more money to circulate.