Chapter 11 – The Progressive Reform Era
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Transcript Chapter 11 – The Progressive Reform Era
Chapter 11 – The Progressive
Reform Era
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Origins of Progressivism
Progressive Legislation
Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson
Suffrage At Last
Section 1: The Origins of
Progressivism
TEKS – 1A, 2B, 4A, 20A, 24C
TEKS
1A
2B
4A
20A
24C
Identify the major eras in U.S. history from 1877 to the present and
describe their defining characteristics.
Analyze economic issues such as industrialization, the growth of
railroads, the growth of labor unions, farm issues, and the rise of big
business.
Evaluate the impact of Progressive Era reforms including initiative,
referendum, recall, and the passage of the 16th and 17th amendments.
Describe how the characteristics and issues of various eras in U.S.
history have been reflected in works of art, music, and literature such
as the paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, rock and roll, and John
Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
Explain and apply different methods that historians use to interpret the
past, including the use of primary and secondary sources, points of
view, frames of reference, and historical context.
Progressive Era
New reformers reacting to the effects
of the era’s rapid industrialization,
immigration, and urbanization
Progressive Era – a period in U.S.
History from 1890 to 1920 that saw a
rapid improvement in the lives of U.S.
citizens
Progressive Beliefs
Four Main Beliefs:
Government should be more accountable to its
citizens
Government should curb the power and
influence of wealthy interests.
Government should be given expanded powers
so that it could become more active in improving
the lives of its citizens
Government should become more efficient and
less corrupt so that they could competently
handle an expanded role.
Henry George
Wrote Progress and
Poverty
Explains why
poverty continues
to plague such an
advanced
civilization
Believed that
speculation
prevented others
from using the land
productively
Their should be a
“single tax” on
Edward Bellamy
Wrote Looking
Backward
A man wakes up in
the year 2000 and
finds a utopian
country where the
government has
taken over the
largest companies
Companies
organized to
meet human
needs not make
profit
Muckrakers
Muckrakers – journalists, such as Upton
Sinclair, who alerted the public to
wrongdoing in politics and business
Socialism – an economic and political
philosophy favoring government or public
control of property and income
End to capitalist system
Distribute wealth
Government ownership of American industries
Contributions of Women’s Groups
National Consumers League
Women investigate the conditions under
which good were made and sold
Because government services were so
essential to their families’ health,
women believed they needed the
right to vote in order to influence
government actions
Florence Kelley
A leader in the
work for labor
reform
Put in charge of
enforcing the law in
Illinois when it
came to child labor,
working hours for
women, and
regulating
sweatshops
Mother Jones
A leader in
improving working
conditions
Organized unions
for workers
Section 2: Progressive
Legislation
TEKS – 4A, 12B, 12C
TEKS
4A
Evaluate the impact of Progressive Era reforms
including initiative, referendum, recall, and the
passage of the 16th and 17th amendments.
12B
Compare the purpose of the Interstate
Commerce Commission with its performance
over time.
12C
Describe the impact of the Sherman Antitrust
Act on businesses.
Expanded Role for Government
Social Welfare Programs – programs
designed to ensure a basic standard
of living for every individual
Envisioned a government that relied
on experts and scientists to plan
efficient programs managed by
professionals, not politicians
Municipal Reforms
Municipal – the city government level
Reformers worked for home rule
Home rule – a systems that gives cities a
limited degree of self-rule
Changed Municipal Government a Few
Ways:
Attacking the bosses (political machines)
Creating councils
Taking over utilities
Creating welfare services
State Reforms
More power to voters
Robert M. La Follette instituted a direct primary
Direct primary – election in which citizens vote
to select nominees for upcoming elections
Initiative – a process in which citizens can put a
proposed new law directly on the ballot in the
next election by collecting voters’ signatures on
a petition
Referendum – a process that allows citizens to
approve or reject a law passed by the legislature
Recall – a procedure that permits voters to
remove public officials from office before the
next election
State Reforms
Reforms in the Workplace
Curb workplace hazards
Two thirds of states abolished child labor
Robert M. La Follette
Governor of Wisconsin
and U.S. Senator
Aimed to clean up
government and
produce social welfare
programs
The “Wisconsin-Idea”
A public-academic
alliance to improved
government that
spread nationwide
Federal Reforms
“Square Deal”
Arbitrated a deal between a labor union for miners
and the mine owners
Everyone received equal treatment, thus the square deal
Antitrust Activism
Northern Securities was a holding company
Holding company – a firm that buys up stocks and bonds of
smaller companies
Brought to court by the Attorney General and the
company was later dissolved
Regulation of the Railroads
Gave strong enforcement powers to the Interstate
Commerce Commission
Federal Reforms Continued
Protecting Public Health
Pure Food and Drug Act/Meat Inspection Act of 1906
Required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary
conditions, and a rating system for meats
Department of Labor was created
Created the United States Forest Service in 1905 to
protect the parks
Amendments
16th Amendment (1913) – Federal Income Tax
17th Amendment (1913) – Direct Election of Senators
18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition
Section 3: Progressivism
Under Taft and Wilson
TEKS – 4C, 8B
TEKS
4C
Evaluate the impact of third parties and
their candidates such as Eugene Debs,
H. Ross Perot, and George Wallace.
8B
Pose and answer questions about
geographic distributions and patterns
shown on maps, graphs, charts, models,
and databases.
President Taft Angers Progressives
Increased tariffs
Appointed Richard
A. Ballinger who
angered
conservationists
Conservationists –
people who favor
the protection of
natural resources
Ballinger gave land
in Alaska to oil
tycoons
Midterm Elections of 1910
New Nationalism –
business regulation,
welfare laws, workplace
protection for women
and children, income
and inheritance taxes,
and voting reform
Pushed by Theodore
Roosevelt after he came
back from a safari
Roosevelt Challenges Taft
In 1912, TR challenged Taft
for the presidency
Created the Bull Moose Party –
nickname of the Progressive
Party
TR Shot
The Democratic Party chose
New Jersey governor,
Woodrow Wilson
Pushed “New Freedom”
To enforce antitrust laws
without threatening economic
competition
1912 Election
Candidates:
Taft – Republican
Roosevelt – Bull Moose
Wilson – Democratic
Eugene V. Debs – Socialists
Taft and Roosevelt split the
Republican party and Debs didn’t
dent the Democratic party, so Wilson
won
President Wilson’s Reforms
1.
2.
Tariff Reduction from 40% to
25%
Attacking Trusts
Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914
Strengthened the Sherman
Antitrust Act by spelling out
specific activities that big
businesses could not do
Created the Federal Trade
Commission
Given the power to order
firms to cease and desist
the practice of business
tactics found to be unfair
President Wilson’s Reforms
3.
Created the Federal
Reserve System
Divided the country
into 12 districts, each
with a Federal
Reserve Bank owned
by its member banks
Supervised by the
Federal Reserve
Board appointed by
the President
Limits of Progressivism
Progressive Presidents took little
action to pursue social justice reforms
World War I
Helped bring an end to the Progressive
Era
Calls for war drowned out those for reform
Section 4: Suffrage At Last
TEKS – 4B, 5A, 8B, 17B, 18A, 18B,
21D
TEKS
4B
5A
8B
17B
Analyze causes and effects of significant issues such as immigration, the Red Scare, Prohibition,
and the changing role of women.
Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs,
charts, models, and databases.
Analyze reasons for the adoption of 20th-century constitutional amendments.
Identify and analyze methods of expanding the right to participate in the democratic process,
including lobbying, protesting, court decisions, and amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
18A
18B
Evaluate the impact of reform leaders such as Susan B. Anthony,
W.E.B. DuBois, and Robert LaFollette on American society.
21D
Evaluate various means of achieving equality of political rights, including the 19th, 24th, and
26th amendments.
Identify the political, social, and economic contributions of women to American society.
Stanton and Anthony
Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan
B. Anthony pushed
for civil
disobedience
Civil disobedience –
nonviolent refusal
to obey a law in an
effort to change it
Suffragists
Followed two Paths:
1. To press for a constitutional amendment
giving women the vote
2. To get individual states to let women
vote
NAWSA and CU
NAWSA – National
American Women Suffrage
Association
Created by Stanton and
Anthony to gain women
the right to vote
Alice Paul
Took over the NAWSA
committee that was
working on congressional
passage of the federal
suffrage amendment
Successfully led a rally in
Washington DC which led
to her starting the
Congressional Union
Movement Splits
The movement for
suffrage now split
CU – aggressive,
militant campaigning
NAWSA – let the
system work
Finally, in August of
1920, the 19th
Amendment was
ratified, giving women
the right to vote
End of Chapter 11 – The
Progressive Reform Era
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Origins of Progressivism
Progressive Legislation
Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson
Suffrage At Last