Transcript Chapter 11 – The Progressive Reform Era

Chapter 11 – The Progressive
Reform Era
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Origins of Progressivism
Progressive Legislation
Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson
Suffrage At Last
Section 1: The Origins of
Progressivism
TEKS – 1A, 2B, 4A, 20A, 24C
TEKS

1A


2B


4A


20A


24C

Identify the major eras in U.S. history from 1877 to the present and
describe their defining characteristics.
Analyze economic issues such as industrialization, the growth of
railroads, the growth of labor unions, farm issues, and the rise of big
business.
Evaluate the impact of Progressive Era reforms including initiative,
referendum, recall, and the passage of the 16th and 17th amendments.
Describe how the characteristics and issues of various eras in U.S.
history have been reflected in works of art, music, and literature such
as the paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe, rock and roll, and John
Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
Explain and apply different methods that historians use to interpret the
past, including the use of primary and secondary sources, points of
view, frames of reference, and historical context.
Progressive Era
 New reformers reacting to the effects
of the era’s rapid industrialization,
immigration, and urbanization
 Progressive Era – a period in U.S.
History from 1890 to 1920 that saw a
rapid improvement in the lives of U.S.
citizens
Progressive Beliefs
 Four Main Beliefs:
 Government should be more accountable to its
citizens
 Government should curb the power and
influence of wealthy interests.
 Government should be given expanded powers
so that it could become more active in improving
the lives of its citizens
 Government should become more efficient and
less corrupt so that they could competently
handle an expanded role.
Henry George
 Wrote Progress and
Poverty
 Explains why
poverty continues
to plague such an
advanced
civilization
 Believed that
speculation
prevented others
from using the land
productively
 Their should be a
“single tax” on
Edward Bellamy
 Wrote Looking
Backward
 A man wakes up in
the year 2000 and
finds a utopian
country where the
government has
taken over the
largest companies
 Companies
organized to
meet human
needs not make
profit
Muckrakers
 Muckrakers – journalists, such as Upton
Sinclair, who alerted the public to
wrongdoing in politics and business
 Socialism – an economic and political
philosophy favoring government or public
control of property and income
 End to capitalist system
 Distribute wealth
 Government ownership of American industries
Contributions of Women’s Groups
 National Consumers League
 Women investigate the conditions under
which good were made and sold
 Because government services were so
essential to their families’ health,
women believed they needed the
right to vote in order to influence
government actions
Florence Kelley
 A leader in the
work for labor
reform
 Put in charge of
enforcing the law in
Illinois when it
came to child labor,
working hours for
women, and
regulating
sweatshops
Mother Jones
 A leader in
improving working
conditions
 Organized unions
for workers
Section 2: Progressive
Legislation
TEKS – 4A, 12B, 12C
TEKS
 4A
 Evaluate the impact of Progressive Era reforms
including initiative, referendum, recall, and the
passage of the 16th and 17th amendments.
 12B
 Compare the purpose of the Interstate
Commerce Commission with its performance
over time.
 12C
 Describe the impact of the Sherman Antitrust
Act on businesses.
Expanded Role for Government
 Social Welfare Programs – programs
designed to ensure a basic standard
of living for every individual
 Envisioned a government that relied
on experts and scientists to plan
efficient programs managed by
professionals, not politicians
Municipal Reforms
 Municipal – the city government level
 Reformers worked for home rule
 Home rule – a systems that gives cities a
limited degree of self-rule
 Changed Municipal Government a Few
Ways:




Attacking the bosses (political machines)
Creating councils
Taking over utilities
Creating welfare services
State Reforms
 More power to voters
 Robert M. La Follette instituted a direct primary
 Direct primary – election in which citizens vote
to select nominees for upcoming elections
 Initiative – a process in which citizens can put a
proposed new law directly on the ballot in the
next election by collecting voters’ signatures on
a petition
 Referendum – a process that allows citizens to
approve or reject a law passed by the legislature
 Recall – a procedure that permits voters to
remove public officials from office before the
next election
State Reforms
 Reforms in the Workplace
 Curb workplace hazards
 Two thirds of states abolished child labor
Robert M. La Follette
 Governor of Wisconsin
and U.S. Senator
 Aimed to clean up
government and
produce social welfare
programs
 The “Wisconsin-Idea”
 A public-academic
alliance to improved
government that
spread nationwide
Federal Reforms
 “Square Deal”
 Arbitrated a deal between a labor union for miners
and the mine owners
 Everyone received equal treatment, thus the square deal
 Antitrust Activism
 Northern Securities was a holding company
 Holding company – a firm that buys up stocks and bonds of
smaller companies
 Brought to court by the Attorney General and the
company was later dissolved
 Regulation of the Railroads
 Gave strong enforcement powers to the Interstate
Commerce Commission
Federal Reforms Continued
 Protecting Public Health
 Pure Food and Drug Act/Meat Inspection Act of 1906
 Required accurate labeling of ingredients, strict sanitary
conditions, and a rating system for meats
 Department of Labor was created
 Created the United States Forest Service in 1905 to
protect the parks
 Amendments
 16th Amendment (1913) – Federal Income Tax
 17th Amendment (1913) – Direct Election of Senators
 18th Amendment (1919) – Prohibition
Section 3: Progressivism
Under Taft and Wilson
TEKS – 4C, 8B
TEKS
 4C
 Evaluate the impact of third parties and
their candidates such as Eugene Debs,
H. Ross Perot, and George Wallace.
 8B
 Pose and answer questions about
geographic distributions and patterns
shown on maps, graphs, charts, models,
and databases.
President Taft Angers Progressives
 Increased tariffs
 Appointed Richard
A. Ballinger who
angered
conservationists
 Conservationists –
people who favor
the protection of
natural resources
 Ballinger gave land
in Alaska to oil
tycoons
Midterm Elections of 1910
 New Nationalism –
business regulation,
welfare laws, workplace
protection for women
and children, income
and inheritance taxes,
and voting reform
 Pushed by Theodore
Roosevelt after he came
back from a safari
Roosevelt Challenges Taft
 In 1912, TR challenged Taft
for the presidency
 Created the Bull Moose Party –
nickname of the Progressive
Party
 TR Shot
 The Democratic Party chose
New Jersey governor,
Woodrow Wilson
 Pushed “New Freedom”
 To enforce antitrust laws
without threatening economic
competition
1912 Election
 Candidates:




Taft – Republican
Roosevelt – Bull Moose
Wilson – Democratic
Eugene V. Debs – Socialists
 Taft and Roosevelt split the
Republican party and Debs didn’t
dent the Democratic party, so Wilson
won
President Wilson’s Reforms
1.
2.
Tariff Reduction from 40% to
25%
Attacking Trusts


Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914
 Strengthened the Sherman
Antitrust Act by spelling out
specific activities that big
businesses could not do
Created the Federal Trade
Commission
 Given the power to order
firms to cease and desist
the practice of business
tactics found to be unfair
President Wilson’s Reforms
3.
Created the Federal
Reserve System


Divided the country
into 12 districts, each
with a Federal
Reserve Bank owned
by its member banks
Supervised by the
Federal Reserve
Board appointed by
the President
Limits of Progressivism
 Progressive Presidents took little
action to pursue social justice reforms
 World War I
 Helped bring an end to the Progressive
Era
 Calls for war drowned out those for reform
Section 4: Suffrage At Last
TEKS – 4B, 5A, 8B, 17B, 18A, 18B,
21D
TEKS

4B


5A


8B




17B
Analyze causes and effects of significant issues such as immigration, the Red Scare, Prohibition,
and the changing role of women.
Pose and answer questions about geographic distributions and patterns shown on maps, graphs,
charts, models, and databases.

Analyze reasons for the adoption of 20th-century constitutional amendments.

Identify and analyze methods of expanding the right to participate in the democratic process,
including lobbying, protesting, court decisions, and amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
18A
18B


Evaluate the impact of reform leaders such as Susan B. Anthony,
W.E.B. DuBois, and Robert LaFollette on American society.
21D

Evaluate various means of achieving equality of political rights, including the 19th, 24th, and
26th amendments.
Identify the political, social, and economic contributions of women to American society.
Stanton and Anthony
 Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan
B. Anthony pushed
for civil
disobedience
 Civil disobedience –
nonviolent refusal
to obey a law in an
effort to change it
Suffragists
 Followed two Paths:
1. To press for a constitutional amendment
giving women the vote
2. To get individual states to let women
vote
NAWSA and CU
 NAWSA – National
American Women Suffrage
Association
 Created by Stanton and
Anthony to gain women
the right to vote
 Alice Paul
 Took over the NAWSA
committee that was
working on congressional
passage of the federal
suffrage amendment
 Successfully led a rally in
Washington DC which led
to her starting the
Congressional Union
Movement Splits
 The movement for
suffrage now split
 CU – aggressive,
militant campaigning
 NAWSA – let the
system work
 Finally, in August of
1920, the 19th
Amendment was
ratified, giving women
the right to vote
End of Chapter 11 – The
Progressive Reform Era
Section
Section
Section
Section
1:
2:
3:
4:
The Origins of Progressivism
Progressive Legislation
Progressivism Under Taft and Wilson
Suffrage At Last