Transcript No Slide Title

The Progressive Era,
1890–1920
The nation faces
social and political
problems at the turn
of the 20th century.
People work in
various ways to
solve these
problems.
President Theodore
Roosevelt delivering a
speech.
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The Progressive Era,
1890–1920
SECTION 1
Roosevelt and Progressivism
SECTION 2
Taft and Wilson as Progressives
SECTION 3
Women Win New Rights
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Section 1
Roosevelt and
Progressivism
Reformers try to solve the problems of the
cities. They gain a champion in
Theodore Roosevelt.
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SECTION
1
Roosevelt and Progressivism
The Rise of Progressivism
• Rapid growth of U.S. cities brings many
problems, including:
- poverty
- spread of slums
- poor conditions in factories
• Reform movements organize, believe in goodness
of people, democracy
• Reform movements come to be grouped under the
label progressivism.
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued
The Rise of Progressivism
•
Writers called muckrakers revealed
corruption, and inspired reform
•
Progressive reformers share at
least 1 of 3
basic goals:
- reform government, expand
democracy
- promote social welfare
- create economic reform
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SECTION
1
Reforming Government and
Expanding Democracy
• Patronage—elected officials give jobs, contracts for
political support
• Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883):
- requires people to take civil service exam for
certain government jobs
- stops officials from firing civil service workers for
political reasons
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued
Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy
• Wisconsin becomes first state to establish a direct
primary
•Direct
primary—voters not party choose
candidates
• Newspaper editor William S. U’Ren promotes 3 more reforms:
-
-
-
initiative—allows voters to propose a
law directly
referendum—proposed law is submitted to
vote of the people
recall—allows people to vote an official
out of office
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SECTION
1
Promoting Social Welfare
• Movements deal with poverty, unemployment, bad
working conditions
• Jane Addams helps poor at Hull House, helps
unemployed
• Florence Kelley pushes for minimum wage laws,
limits on working hours
• Prohibitionists work to prevent alcohol from ruining
people’s lives
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Promote Moral Development
• Some reformers felt that
the answer to society’s
problems was personal
behavior. They proposed
such reforms as
prohibition.
• Groups wishing to ban
alcohol included the
Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union
(WCTU)
SECTION
1
Creating Economic Reform
• Economic reform limits, regulates big business
•
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890:
- Roosevelt broke up the Standard Oil
trust as the Sherman Antitrust Act
made trusts illegal
- government does not enforce law at first
• Enforcement requires a strong president
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Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
• Roosevelt captured
national attention by
advocating war with
Spain in 1898. His
volunteer cavalry
brigade, the Rough
Riders, won public
acclaim for its role in
the battle of San Juan
Hill in Cuba.
• Roosevelt returned a
hero and was soon
elected governor of NY
and later McKinley’s
vice-president.
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
Trust-Busting
• By 1900, trusts –
legal bodies
created to hold
stock in many
companies –
controlled 80% of
U.S. industries.
• Roosevelt filed 44
antitrust suits
under the
Sherman AntiTrust Act
Roosevelt’s Square Deal
• He saw
government as an
umpire.
• He wanted to
ensure fairness for
workers,
consumers, and
big business
SECTION
1
Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms
• Voters pressure senators, representatives to pass
reforms
Due to Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” :
• Roosevelt signs Meat Inspection Act
(1906):
- creates government meat inspection
program
•
Signs Pure Food and Drug Act:
- bans the sale of impure foods and
medicines
• Does not take political risk by leading fight for civil
rights
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Pure Food and Drug Act
• In response to
unsubstantiated
claims and
unwholesome
products, Congress
passed the Pure
Food and Drug Act
in 1906. The Act
halted the sale of
contaminated foods
and medicines and
called for truth in
labeling.
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Conservation
• Roosevelt, a strong crusader for conservation
• Conservation—controlling the use of America’s
natural resources
Map
• He believed the nation’s natural
resources should be maintained for the
benefit of all people.
• He transferred large amounts of federal
land into the national forest system.
• He urged the creation of new national
parks.
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Section 2
Taft and Wilson as
Progressives
Progressive reforms continue under William
Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson.
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SECTION
2
Taft and Wilson as Progressives
Taft and Progressivism
• Republican William Howard Taft wins presidential
election (1908)
•
Taft continues Roosevelt’s legacy of
actively working to dismantle trusts:
He addressed the progressive goals of democracy, social welfare,
economic reform
• Receives less credit because of alliance with
conservative Republicans
• Taft becomes the Chief
Justice of the U.S. Supreme
Court after serving as
President.
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2
•
Two Progressive Amendments
Sixteenth Amendment (1909):
- establishes the income tax
- spreads cost of running government among
more people
•
Seventeenth Amendment (1913):
- provides direct election of U.S.
senators by voters in each state
- senators no longer can obtain positions through
corrupt bargains
- U.S.
Senators were chosen by the
state legislature before the 17th
Amendment took effect.
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Direct Election Of Senators
• Before 1913, each
state’s legislature
had chosen U.S.
senators. To force
senators to be more
responsive to the
public, Progressives
pushed for the
popular election of
senators.
• As a result, Congress
passed the 17th
Amendment in 1913.
SECTION
2
The Election of 1912
Chart
• Conservative Republicans back President Taft, wins
party’s nomination
• Progressive Republicans back Theodore Roosevelt,
form Bull Moose Party
• Democrats choose Governor Woodrow Wilson as
presidential candidate
•
Eugene Debs enters presidential race
as Socialist candidate. He, as the third
party candidate split the Republican
Party in 1912 and prevented President
Taft from being reelected.
• Republicans deeply divided, Wilson wins
the election
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Secure Economic Reform
• The Panic of 1893
prompted some
Americans to question
the capitalist
economic system.
• As a result, some
workers embraced
socialism. Eugene
Debs organized the
American Socialist
Party in 1901.
Debs encouraged workers to reject
American capitalism
SECTION
2
The Wilson Presidency
•
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914):
- encouraged business competition
and was pro-labor
- gives government more power to regulate trusts
- allows labor unions, farm organizations to
merge, expand
- limits power of courts to force workers to
end strikes
- legalizes labor tactics like strikes,
picketing, boycotts
Continued . . .
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SECTION
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continued
•
The Wilson Presidency
Federal Reserve Act (1913):
-created the modern banking
system
- improves nation’s monetary, banking system
- allows banks to control money supplies
• Wilson approves segregation of black, white
federal employees
• Does not promote civil rights for African Americans
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2
The Eighteenth Amendment
• Considered to be a progressive reform
because it was a law that banned the
manufacture and sale of alcohol, trying to
reduce poverty
• Supporters of prohibition gain strength during
Wilson’s presidency
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•Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson supported
trust-busting, conservation, and
women’s suffrage.
•Throughout the Progressive Era,
presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson
did not actively promote civil rights for
African Americans.
Limits of Progressivism
• While the
Progressive era was
responsible for many
important reforms, it
failed to make gains
for African
Americans. Like
Roosevelt and Taft,
Wilson retreated on
Civil Rights when he
entered office.
The KKK reached a membership
of 4.5 million in the 1920s
Section 3
Women Win New Rights
Women become leaders in social reform
movements and win the right to vote
during the Progressive Era.
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Women Win New Rights
New Roles for Women
• Technological advances reduce work at home,
families get smaller
• Schools offer courses that teach women latest
homemaking methods
• More women take jobs in factories, offices, stores
• Some get college education, pursue professions
like nursing, teaching
• If financially possible, women expected to quit jobs
when they marry
Image
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Women Progressives
• Partake in social reform movements that
help others
•
Jane Addams starts Hull House in
Chicago, helps immigrants, unemployed find jobs
• Hull House provides day nurseries, training for public services
•
Carry Nation campaigns for prohibition, helps passage 18th
Amendment
• Carry Nation smashed saloons with a
hatchet. She believed that alcohol led to
violence, poverty, and unemployment.
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Women Progressives cont.
• Lillian Wald was inspired to found the Henry
Street Settlement House, a visiting nurse
program.
• Florence Kelly became secretary of the
National Consumer’s League.
SECTION
3
Suffrage for Women
• 2 woman suffrage groups merge
• Form National
•
American Woman
Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton is 1st
president
• Susan B. Anthony becomes group’s
president (1892)
• NAWSA focuses on state campaigns to win right
to vote
• By 1914, 11 Western states approved suffrage
Map
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The Nineteenth Amendment
• Tide turns in favor of woman suffrage, U.S. enters
WW I (1917)
• Carrie Chapman Catt president of NAWSA
• Catt argues U.S. cannot deny vote to women who
support war effort
• President Wilson urges Senate to pass women’s
suffrage amendment
• U.S. states ratify Nineteenth
Amendment
(1920):
- gives women the right to vote in
every state of the nation.
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Charlotte Woodard
She attended the first
women’s rights convention in
Seneca Falls in 1848 and
voted in a presidential election
in 1920.