Transcript INVESTMENT AND INVESTORS INTEREST

INVESTMENT AND INVESTORS
INTEREST
A lecture delivered at The 2014 Forum of
Chartered Insurance Institute of Nigeria held
on 10th September 2014 at Green Legacy
Resort, Abeokuta Ogun State
By: Mr. Dauda Kolapo Adedeji (FCA)
Managing Director /CEO Niger Insurance Plc.
Dauda Kolapo Adedeji FCA
INTRODUCTION
I consider it expedient to begin this exposition by expressing my
profound gratitude and appreciation to the Planning Committee of
this years Forum for considering it fit to accord me the privilege and
opportunity of mounting this highly esteemed and prestigious podium
to share my views with an audience considered to be most
enlightened and discerning in the Industry.
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Introduction Contd.
• The choice of this topic is timely and thought provoking for various
reasons; the global financial crises of 2008 is yet to be forgotten by
many investors whose losses are difficult to quantify with precision,
the economy of Nigeria is passing through momentous period in
her history and facing tremendous challenges regarding economic
stability and the need to transcend the political and socio economic
problems. The country will only need to focus on its trajectory to
achieve its vaunted milestone of becoming the 20th economy in the
year 2020 generally codified as 20:2020.
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Definition
Investment is the current commitment of funds or other resources to
project or venture in the expectation of realising future benefits.
Therefore, the purchase of shares or bonds would be an investment;
just as the purchase of a car or a house, taking a life insurance or
making a deposit in the bank or opening a savings accounts etc.
There are three stages involved in the consummation of an investment
decision namely: planning, execution and controlling of events to
attain certain selected investment objectives.
• Planning because the investor will select from a wide variety of
options combining either high risk with high returns or low risk with
low returns etc.
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Definition Contd.
• Executing because the investors will have to mobilise the available
resources to carryout the objectives.
• Monitoring and controlling is designed to ensure that actual
performance of such investments is consistent with the
predetermined objectives.
• Investment decision entails the gathering of vital and critical
information to engender efficient evaluation of the available
alternatives.
The criteria for distinguishing among these alternatives are established
through the use of expected utility derived from the trade –off
between returns and risk of a particular project.
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Definition Contd.
Specific objectives: All investment objectives must be specific rather
than being broadly defined for example the level of income must be
stated and quantified.
• Measurable Objectives: The Investment objectives must be
measurable in terms of earnings yield or dividend yield.
• Achievable Investment objectives: The objectives developed in an
investment policy must be feasible. The implication is that there
should be adequate resources to acquire the asset necessary to
make the target income.
• Realistic Investment objectives: The Investment objectives should
not be based on illusion of what cannot be attained within the
budget line.
• Time bound Investment objectives: All forecast and projections
on the achievement of certain level of income and /or yield must be
within a foreseeable period.
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The Nature Of Investment
• The Real Asset: The material wealth of the society is ultimately
determined by the productive capacity of its economy, that is the
goods and services that the members can create. This capacity is
the function of real assets of the economy which consist of land,
building, machines and knowledge that is available for use.
• Financial Asset: These are sheets of papers or entries in our
computers that does not contribute directly to the productive
capacity of the economic units. However, they are the means by
which individuals hold the claim on real assets.
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The Nature Of Investment Contd.
Financial assets therefore are represented by such instruments as
ordinary shares, Treasury bills, Commercial papers, Treasury
certificates, debenture stock, Government bond and development
stock etc.
• Real Investment represents the purchase or construction either in
parts or in full of specific land, residential, commercial or industrial
buildings, plants or equipment or other personal possessions.
• While the real asset generate net income to the economy, financial
assets simply define the allocation of wealth among investors.
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The Nature Of Investment Contd.
• Investment in property: The ownership of property is usually
evidenced by a title document and registered under the land use
Act. Any land purchased after 1976 can only confer a leasehold
interest on the owner because the freehold interest is theoretically
vested in the Federal Government, The document evidencing the
title under the land use Act is the certificate of occupancy issued by
the State Government.
• Freehold and Leasehold properties: A Freehold Title gives the
holder what is absolute ownership of the property.
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The Nature Of Investment Contd.
Owner occupier: The owner-occupied property has undoubtedly
proved to be the most profitable long term Investment for most
personal investors. There is therefore common aspiration among the
individual investors to own and occupy their first property.
Investment Property: This is land or building or part of a building (or
both) held by the owner or (by the lessee under a finance lease) to
earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both rather than for:
Use in the production or supply of goods or services or for
administrative purpose or sale in the ordinary course of business
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Investment In Chattels
Chattels are moveable tangible personal possessions other than real
estate and commodities. Making investment in Chattels are commonly
known as alternative investments.
Most investments in Chattels are done as a way of protecting the
purchasing power of money because they have the potential to
appreciate in value. Eg Gold, Jewelries,Paintings etc.
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Investment Objectives
• Risk and safety of Capital: The investor must determine the level
of risk he is prepared to take in a relatively efficient and informed
capital market, risk tends to be closely correlated with returns.
While some experienced investors may prosper on their wits alone,
most high returns may be perceived as compensation for the level
of risk.
Investors who wish to assume low risk will probably confine most of
their investment portfolio to short term instruments in which the
repayment is expected with a certain period. It is not only the
inherent risk in an asset that must be considered but also the extent
to which that risk is being diversified away in the portfolio.
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Investment Objectives Contd.
Attitude to risk and uncertainty: There are basically three dimensions
to risk namely risk seeker, risk averse and risk neutral for those who
are indifferent to the risk situation.
Tools For Incorporating Risk And Uncertainty:
• Sensitivity analysis: This takes different but uncertain factors each
at a time and compute the change that would be needed in that
factor before the original decision is reversed.
• Expected Value (EV): An expected value shows the weighted
average of all possible outcome and it is very useful tool when a
decision is repeated. However, the method does not take account
of the risk in the range of potential outcomes.
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Investment Objectives Contd.
• Simulation analysis: This is a modelling technique which shows the
effect of more than one variable changing at a time and gives
information of the likely out come to enable the investor takes a
more discerning decision.
• Scenario building: This technique to risk analysis looks at a number
of different but plausible future situations.
Maximin Rule, Maximax Rule and Minimax Regret
Maximin Rule: Here the investor is selecting the investment
alternative that maximises the minimum pay off achievable. This
method is appropriate for the pessimistic investor who has risk averse
and seek to attain the best out of the worst result.
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Investment Objective Contd.
Maximax Rule: This technique is applicable when selecting the
alternative that maximises the maximum pay off achievable. The
method is suitable for the optimistic investor, risk seeking investors
who wants to take high risk with the aim of earning very high returns.
Venture Capitalist are example of this class of investors.
Minimax Regrets: This technique tend to minimise the maximum
regrets with the opportunity that was lost because a wrong investment
decision was taken.
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Investment Objective Contd.
• Current income versus capital appreciation: Although the decision
concerning current income or future appreciation of capital is
closely linked to risk appetite, yet the factors are managed
independently.
Investors looking for immediate income may have to invest in matured
industry e.g. manufacturing. On the other hand the investor looking
for capital appreciation will need to invest in emerging industry such as
the telecommunication Broadband eg. DISCOS, GENCOS.
Liquidity Consideration: Liquidity is measured by the ease of the
investor in converting the investment to cash within a short time at its
fair market value or with a minimum capital loss.
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Investment Objectives Contd.
Most financial assets provide a high degree of liquidity. Shares and
stocks can generally be sold at their market value on the floor of the
exchange. Similarly, government bonds can be discounted quite easily
thereby providing liquidity for their investors.
Investors must carefully examine their individual situation to
determine the need for liquidity.
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Investment Objectives Contd.
Short term or Long term Orientation: Market strategies may be short
term or long term in scope. Those who engage in short term are called
traders. These are those who use the technical analysis and charts to
evaluate the performance of the stock. Those who take long term
perspective identify the sound and strong organisations for buy and
hold strategies.
Taxation factors: Investors in the high tax bracket have different
objectives than those in the lower tax bracket or tax exempt charities,
foundations, or similar organisations.
The high tax bracket investor (high net worth individuals) may prefer
the government development stock or state bond because of the tax
effect (interest is not taxed) They will also prefer the real estate
because of depreciation and interest write off or investment that
provides tax credit or tax shelters.
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Rights Of Shareholders
The company and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 1990 provided a wide
range of areas in which the shareholders can exercise some rights
especially during the Annual General Meetings.
The interests of the Investors are protected through various ways
during the AGM.
The right to attend the Annual General Meeting.
The right to speak and vote on the resolution of the meeting.
The right to vote in person or in absentia with equal effect.
The right to be furnished with information concerning date, location
and agenda of the AGM.
The right to speak and ask questions from the Directors and place item
on the agenda in the General Meeting subject to the reasonable
limitation.
Right to be informed of any resolution appointing or approving the
appointment of a Director.
The right to have a copy of the MEMART.
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Legal framework for Investment
Management
Companies and Allied Matter Act 1990 (CAMA) the Act made general
provision on the rights of share holders and their responsibilities. It
also provided for the payment of dividend as well as the timing of the
General meeting, extraordinary General Meeting etc.
Trustee Investment Act reproduced as the cap 449 Laws of the
federation 1990. The Act highlighted the specific areas in which
trustees can invest including ordinary share, Debenture Stock issued by
quoted companies. Others are Government stocks, Treasury bills and
the stock bonds.
Pension Reforms Act 2004: Contributory pension scheme for
employees in both public and private sector.
Established the national pension commission and the transitional
terms for public sector and provide for the transfer of funds assets to
NSITF.
It also established the Pension Fund administrators and Pension
Custodians.
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Legal Framework For Investment
Management Contd.
Investment and Securities Act 2007: The Act deals with the
registration and regulation of Securities and Capital trade point as well
as other self regulatory organisations.
It provides for the Registration and regulation of capital market
operators.
The Registration and regulation of collective investment scheme.
Insurance Act 2004: The Act is designed to protect the policy holders
to ensure the company is run on sustainable basis thereby indirectly
also protecting the interest of shareholders. The act specifically made
provisions for Investment as follows:
An insurance company shall not invest on property except securities
specified under the Trustee Investment Act.
Shares in or other securities of society registered under any laws
relating to co-operative society. Loans of building society. Loans of life
policy within their surrender value.
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Legal Framework Contd.
These requirement will not be satisfied except:
Not more than 25% of total assets is invested in securities specified
under the trustee investment Act. Not more than 10% of Nonlife fund
is invested in real property Not more than 25% of the Life fund is
invested in real property.
Income tax management Act 1967: The act specified the level of
exemption applicable to interest income on Government Securities
and State Bonds.
It specified the allowable and disallowable income for estates and
provided for the valuation living accommodation.
International Centre for settlement of investment disputes Act 1967:
The act established the centre for settlement of investment disputes.
Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission Decree of 1995 which
provides that non Nigerians can invest and participate in the operation
of any enterprise in Nigeria and guarantees the transfer of funds
whether dividends or profits.
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Regulatory Authorities
Federal Ministry of Finance: This is the overseer and the regulator of
the entire financial system which consist of banking, insurance, capital
market and other nonbank financial institutions.
Central Bank of Nigeria: The Central Bank of Nigeria regulates the
banks and other financial institutions including the bureau the change.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Securities and
Exchange Commission is the apex regulatory organisation of the
capital market.
It regulates investment and Securities Market in Nigeria.
Nigeria Stock Exchange : The Nigeria Stock Exchange create the
facilities for dealing on shares.
Established the rules and regulations for the transfer of shares.
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Regulatory Authorities Contd.
Central Securities Clearing System: This is the subsidiary of the Nigeria
Stock Exchange though operate as an independent company. The
company is responsible for the clearing and settlement of all shares to
be traded on the floor of the Nigerian Stock Exchange.
Pension Commission (Pencom): It is the apex regulator of the
Pension Fund Administrator and the Pension custodians.
It registers the Administrators and Custodians and regulates their
operations.
National Insurance Commission (NAICOM)
It registers and regulates the operations of Insurance companies.
It registers new products and ensure operators comply with the
standard.
It ensures that the investment portfolio of Insurance companies
comply with the provision of the Act.
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Portfolio Management Services
There are a wide variety of services offered by large number of
organisations to meet different client requirements.
Polarization: Most financial institutions have been polarized in the
area of advisory services. They can no longer sell both their in-house
investment products and other company products. They have had to
sell their own investment services.
Discretionary management advisory services: Private client who
wants investment advise tend to be steered towards discretionary
management of their portfolio.
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Portfolio Management Services Contd.
Advisory services: Here the manager and the client set up an initial
portfolio which is then monitored by the manager. The portfolio
manager can only deal with the consent of the lient.
Commercial bank services: Most commercial banks deal with total
financial package including fund management, capital gain tax, wills,
income tax etc.
Merchant Banks: The Merchant Bank offers investment banking
services which are mainly fee based. These include fund management,
foreign exchange, bill discounting and general investment advisory
services.
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Portfolio Management Services Contd.
The Stockbrokers: These are specialised professionals in buying and
selling of shares as well as portfolio management services.
Insurance companies: Insurance companies usually maintain a large
pool of Agents who are trained in the marketing of their inhouse
products.
Accountants and solicitors: These are professionals who have the skills
to offer total financial planning package especially to high net worth
individual.
Independent advisers: These are individuals with a variety of
professional knowledge who hold themselves out to offer investment
advise including tax planning, pension, individual savings account, unit
trust.
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Special Developments In The Investment
World
The Financial Services Industry has continued to evolve with change in
the method of handling issues as well as new products.
Over the counter market: Unlike the organised exchanges, the over
the counter markets (OTC) have no central location where securities
are being traded. Over the counter implies that the trade takes place
by telephone or electronic device and dealers stand ready to by or sell
specific securities for their accounts.
NASDAQ: National Association of Securities Dealer Automated
quotation system is the system that links dealer in the over the
counter market by computer net work and provide an up to date
quotation and information on all the securities traded in OTC using
the NASDAQ system.
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Special Development In The Investment
World
Cross Border Dealing: Cross Border Dealing in securities and other
goods are carried out to promote economic growth.
At the moment only the banks and leading oil companies have made
offering across the national boundaries the latest of which is Seplat
Petroleum Plc.
Electronic dividends (e-dividend): This is the payment of dividend
through direct credit to the nominated account rather than a cheque
or a warrant. It is a convenient means of securing an on-line payment
directly to the shareholders accounts.
Commodities Exchanges: These are institutions registered with
securities and Exchange Commission under organised market with the
required facilities for trading of commodities (agricultural commodities
and solid minerals /petroleum) they could be futures options and
other derivatives through a registered license broker.
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Special Development In The Investment
World
Private Equity Companies: These are a type of investments aimed at
gaining significant or even complete control of a company in the hope
of earning high returns. The funds are usually invested in assets that
are either privately owned or public owned. The basic principle is that
a group of investors buy out a company and use the earnings of the
company to pay themselves.
Market makers: The Nigerian Stock Exchange introduced the market
makers 2012 with the aim of reducing market volatility and enhance
liquidity in the system.
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New Products In The Industry
These are the new areas to Invest in Financial Markets.
Single Premium Annuity: This is a product in which the annuitant are
expected to make a single premium with the hope of receiving a
period income for life starting immediately.
The amount of periodic income vary widely depending on age, gender,
indexation rate etc.
Mutual Halal Investment Plan: It is an Insurance scheme which
combines savings and investment plan for Muslims and other
interested parties. It is an investment plan designed to meet both
short term and long term obligations based Islamic profit sharing and
reciprocal guarantee principle of AL-Takaful.
There are a variety of products including marriage plan (Al-Nikah
Plan), Educational plan (Al-tadris), Mortgage plan (Al binau) etc.
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New Products In The Industry Contd.
Securities Lending Services: Securities Lending Strategy involves the
transfer of Securities to a third party (borrower) who will give the
Lender collateral in the form of shares, bonds and treasury bills.
• The borrower will also pass over to the lender any dividend /
interest payment and corporate action that may arise.
• The lender will retain the rights that he would have had if he did
not lend the securities.
Non- Interest payment Investment: Financial Institutions in Nigeria
have started making offerings which complies with Islamic profit
sharing banking concept.
The investment strategy is that the investors funds are invested in
various types of business and the profit earned is paid to depositors in
a predetermined ratio.
There is a wide range of product offerings including cost plus financing
(murabaha) profit sharing (mudaraba), lease (ijara), partnership
(Musharaka) forward sale (baySalam) etc.
Dauda Kolapo Adedeji FCA
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New Product Contd.
Sukuk (Islamic Securities): Sukuk is defined by the Islamic financial
service Board (IFSB-2) as ‘’the certificates that represent the holder’s
proportionate ownership in an undivided part of the underlying asset,
where the holder assumes all rights and obligations to such asset’’.
Operations of Sukuk was approved by Sec under section 313 (6) of
investment and Securities Act 2007 and structured the following
transactions:
• Sukuk Musharka – Sharing contract
• Sukuk Ijarah – Lease contract
• Sukuk Istisnah - Exchange contract
• Sukuk Murabaham - Financing contract
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The Expectation Of Investors
The major expectation of all investors is to earn good returns.
However, this can only be achieved through the existence of certain
factors detailed below:
• Strengthened collaboration between various chambers of
commerce industries mines and Agriculture.
• Simplification of visa processing and single customs territory
slashing the Red Tape.
• Complete removal of the non tariff trade barriers.
• Creation of enabler of continental trade and investment and
alignment of immigration laws.
• Modification of business registration procedures and building
of entrepreneurial incubators.
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The Expectation Of Investors Contd
• Effective security, and air space management.
• Low cost of doing business in Nigeria and reduction of
bureaucracies.
• Effective development of infrastructures including information and
communication technology.
• Improvement of power generation and transmission as well as the
road network.
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The Expectation Of Investors Contd.
Diversification of the economy away from the oil sector to provide a
variety of opportunities as a hedge against business cycles.
• Stable political system which facilitate planning and execution of
investment decision.
• Transparent and honest operating environment completely devoid
of corruption and other unethical practices.
• Sustainable growth and yielding stocks.
• Early payment of dividends and other benefit accruable to the
shareholders.
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Expectation Of Investment Contd.
Finally, the investors will want a balanced regulatory framework that is
neither too loose nor overbearing.
I will conclude this paper with this statement from a Veteran
Multibillionaire Investor – Richard Brandson, who said “Investment is
not all about money, but also about what the mind can conceive and
believe’.’
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Thank You For
Listening.
Dauda Kolapo Adedeji FCA