Transcript CHAPTER 16

A BYOD Moment
1.Where is it?
2.What is the name?
3.How is it similar to the palace of
Versailles in France?
4.How
would
this symbolize
THE
EAST
ASIAN
WORLD the
power of the leader?
1400 – 1800
A BYOD Moment
1) Where is this water way located?
2) This major water way flows south to north
and is a specific canal.
1) what is the name of this canal?
2) Why is it critical to this country’s economic
stability?
CHINA AT ITS HEIGHT
How did a policy of isolation affect the Chinese
Empire?
China’s last native imperial dynasty!
The Ming Dynasty
Mongols replaced by Ming Hong Wu, who started the Ming dynasty.
He extended the empire, strengthened the Great Wall. Ran an
effective government using a centralized bureaucracy, using civil
service tests.
Voyages of Zheng He
Ming built the Imperial City in Beijing and it became the capital. Yong
Le also sent a series of naval voyages into Indian Ocean. Led by Zheng
He –he brought great profit to China.
First Contacts with the West
1514, The Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast of China. They were
the first direct contact between the Chinese and Europe since Marco
Polo. China was at it’s height of power. Emperors believed
Europeans were barbaric. Portugal
soon He
outraged the Chinese and
Zheng
was expelled from Guangzhou and now could only trade at the port of
Macao. There was a good exchange of ideas between the 2 nations.
Christian missionaries had also make long voyage to China. Chinese
scholars were able to read better with European eyeglasses.
Europeans were impressed with Confucius teachings.
The Ming Dynasty
 3. Fall of Ming Dynasty
 In the late 16th century, internal struggles began.
Followed by government corruption. In the 1630’s, a
major epidemic reduced the population.
 Weak rulers, peasant unrest, and poor crop yields,
contributed to the downfall of the Ming dynasty.
 Overthrow of the Ming led to Manchus, farm people
from Manchuria, who created a new dynasty called
Qing (Pure) Dynasty created in 1644 and remained in
power until 1911.
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 The Qing Dynasty
 Some people resisted new rule; the Manchus prepared to attack the
island of Taiwan. To identify rebels, Manchu troops ordered all males
shaved their forehead and braid their hair into a pigtail called a Queue.
Manchu fighting units were called banners. “Bannermen” were the
chief fighting force of the empire, had separate units. Were gradually
accepted as rulers.
 1. Qing Adaptations
 Kept Ming political systems but Manchus were ethnically and culturally
different. Deal with it in 2 ways:
 a) tried to preserves their distinct identity within Chinese society.
Their nobility held large landholdings and received $ from treasury.
 b) dealt with the problem of ethnic difference by bringing Chinese into
imperial administration, but Manchus held the higher posts. Sharing
power did win them support from Chinese.
Kangxi
 2. Reign of Kangxi
 Strongest emperor – Christian missionaries reached their height. Many
Chinese converted. His successors began to suppress Christian
activities.
The Qing Dynasty
Europeans in China
 Qianlong expanded China
to its greatest physical size, but
also the first signs of decay
appeared.
Why did this happen?
 The Emperor fell under the
influence of destructive elements at court. Corrupt officials
and higher taxes led to unrest. Population growth exerted
pressure on land. Led to the White Lotus Rebellion(a peasant
revolt) repressed but was expensive. Europe wanting more
trade during this dynasty. Qing confined all European traders
to a small island outside Guangzhou. Britain had an unfavorable
trade balance with China, that is Britain imported more goods
from China than it exported to the country. Led to debt owed to
China.
Section 1 Review
 Reports from early Christian missionaries made who
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more curious about China?
Europeans
Active Christian missionaries in China
Jesuits
Dynasty founded by Ming Hong Wu
Ming
First Europeans to make contact with the Ming
dynasty were the?
Portuguese
Section 1 Review
 Accomplishments of the Ming emperors included
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renovating what?
Grand Canal
Leader of exploration and trading voyages
Zheng He
Weak rulers, peasant unrest, and poor crop yields
contributed to the downfall of what dynasty?
Ming
Ruling dynasty from 1644-1911(after Ming)
Qing
The emperor Kangxi was generally tolerant of what?
Christian missionaries
Manchu fighting units
banners
Challenge!
Imagine that in your current home
there
are four
generations
of family
CHINESE
SOCIETY
AND CULTURE
living
This includes
aunts,
Whattogether.
was the main
focus of Chinese
uncles, cousins,society
siblings,
? parents
and grandparents. How many people
would you be living with in your
household?
Economy and Daily Life
 1. Economic Changes
 First change for China was an increase in population. Causes –
peace and stability, improvements in food supply. Population
increase meant less land available for each family. Another
change was a steady growth in manufacturing and increased
trade between provinces. Did not develop the kind of
commercial capitalism (private business based on profit) that
was emerging in Europe.
 2. Society and role of Women
 Chinese society was organized around the family. All family
members were expected to sacrifice their individual needs to
benefit the family. Based on Confucian ideals. Extended
family and clans as well.
 Women were considered inferior to men. Only males could
have a formal education and pursue a career in government.
Feature of Chinese society that restricted the mobility of women
was the practice of foot binding. Bound feet were a status
symbol. Were more marriageable.
Chinese Art and Literature
 1. The Chinese novel
 Ming economic expansion increases standards of
living. New innovations in paper manufacturing
encouraged the growth of printing. Chinese novel
began.
 2. Ming and Qing Art
 Architecture – Imperial City – complex of palaces and
temples, now known as Forbidden City. The city was
closed to commoners. Decorative arts grew. Most
famous of all the arts of the Ming Era was blue and
white porcelain.
Section 2 Review
 Private business based on profit
 Commercial capitalism
 Private business-for-profit did not increase in China
because why?
 Government control of manufacturing and trade
 Heavy taxes on manufacturing
 Chinese attitudes toward trade and manufacturing
(looked down on, inferior to farming)
Section 2 Review
 The most famous of Ming Era arts?
 Blue and white porcelain
 Between 1500 and 1800, 85% of Chinese people did
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what for a living?
Farming
Painful practice for Chinese women
Foot binding
Walled compound inside Beijing
Imperial City
Section 2 Review
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Group of many related families
Clan
The ideal family unit in Qing China consisted of what?
The extended family
Changes that occurred in China between 1500 and
1800 included: growth in manufacturing and trade,
improvements in the food supply, and an increase in
what?
 Population
 The Forbidden City was closed to who?
 commoners
1) What is the social
hierarchy of Union High
School in your opinion?
TOKUGAWA JAPAN AND KOREA
What
changes
place in
Japan
after
2) What
titletook
would
you
give
its political unification?
each group?
3) How would you describe
each group?
Political Changes in Japan
 End 15th century Japan was in chaos. Shogunate
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collapsed – Daimyo (heads of noble families) took
control.
Three Great Unifiers
Late 16th century unification starts
Oda Nobunaga – seized capital of Kyoto and put
shogun under his control.
Toyotomi Hideyoshi – Osaka = capital. Persuade
most of Daimyo to accept him.
Tokugawa Ieyasu – powerful daimyo of Edo, (today
Tokyo)completed the restoration of central authority.
Brought in a long period called “Great Peace.”
Political Changes in Japan
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Europeans in Japan
 As Japan unifies, Europeans arrive. Portugal came
first. At first were welcomed. Francis Xaiver, a Jesuit
missionary, came. Japan fascinated by tobacco, clocks,
eye glasses, and other European goods. Hideyoshi
eventually prohibited Christianity because the Jesuits
destroyed local shrines. Then merchants were forced
to leave.
Political Changes in Japan
 3. Tokugawa Rule
 Established control of feudal systems. 250 separate
territories called HANS (Domains). Each ruled by a
daimyo. Shogun used HOSTAGE SYSTEM whereby
daimyo required to have 2 houses – one in own lands
and one in Edo. If went to own lands family stayed in
Edo and if went to Edo then family could go to own
lands.
Japan
 Hostage System
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Tokugawa Rule Imperial
Emperor
Court
Families
 Daimyo ruled a han or territory
Warrior Class:
 Family forced to stay in Edo
Shogun,
Great Peace
Daimyo,
Samurai, Ronin
 Samurai ceased to be a warrior class
 Society
 Rigid class system
Farmers, Artisans
Merchants
Eta
Tokugawa Era
 Major economic changes. Trade and industry grew.
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1. Economic and Social change
 Japanese merchant class emerged, began to play a
significant role. How about the peasants? Some
benefit by exploiting the demand for cash crop. Most
experienced declining profits and rising costs. Japans’
class system became rigid. Classes: warriors, peasants,
artisans, and merchants. No intermarriages allowed.
Page 523 discuss classes.
Tokugawa Era
 2. Society and role of Women
 In samurai class, rights of females were restricted.
Women were generally valued for their role as child
bearers and homemakers.
 3. Literature and the Arts
 New set of cultural values – included the rise of
popular literature. Was lighthearted and intended to
please audiences. Theater – Kabuki which
emphasized action, music and dramatic gestures. All
male actors.
Korea: the Hermit Kingdom
 Yi dynasty under Yi Songgye. One of World’s longest
lasting monarchies.
 1. Distinctive Culture
 Patterned society on China. Did develop own unique
alphabet – HANGUL. Still largely standard writing
system.
 2. Cultural Isolation
 Was invaded by Japan – in response Korean rulers
sought to isolate Korea. Nicknamed “Hermit
Kingdom.” Manchus attack early 17th century – Korea
surrenders and Yi Dynasty subject to China.
Section 3 Review
 Heads of noble families
 Daimyo
 Japanese social outcasts
 Eta
 Shogunates method of control
 Hostage system
 Territories or domains
 Hans
 Crops grown for sale
 Cash crops
Section 3 Review
 Warriors, peasants, artisans, merchants was the order
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of the 4 main classes during what Era?
Tokugawa
Much of the prose literature of this era was
lighthearted and entertaining.
Tokugawa
Francis Xavier came to Japan in 1549 as what?
Jesuit missionary
Shogun, ronin, daimyo, made up what Japanese class?
warrior
Section 3 Review
 True or False
 Hideyoshi prohibited Christian activities.
 True
 Dutch ships were limited to one visit per year.
 True
 Europeans were interested in buying Japanese
weapons.
 False
 Initially, traders and missionaries were welcomed.
 true
A DOK Moment …….
1)What is this?
2)What is it used
for?
SPICE
TRADE
IN
3)What part of the
SOUTHEAST
ASIA
world does it come
Why did
Europeans struggle to control
from?
the spice trade in Southeast Asia?
Emerging Mainland States
 1. Conflict in Southeast Asia
 SE Asia mainland – conflicts – Thai vs. Burma.
Vietnam had began “march to the south” – took
control of Mekong Delta from Khmer.
 2. Islamic trade network
 Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago –
Muslim merchants were attracted to the growing
spice trade. They gradually create an Islamic trade
network.
Emerging Mainland States
 3. Religious and Political systems
 Beliefs were changing. Islam and Christianity began
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to draw interest. Political systems into 4 styles of
monarchs:
a) Buddhist kings – chief form – king considered
superior and link between people and universe
b) Javanese kings – rooted in political traditions of
India – believed to have a sacred quality.
c) Islamic sultans –ruled on the Malay Peninsula –
Sultan was head, defender of faith, and staffed his
bureaucracy with aristocrats(not elected officials)
d) Vietnamese emperors – Chinese model, ruled
according to Confucius teachings. Ruler appointed by
Heaven to rule by talent and virtue.
Arrival of Europeans
 Spices highly valued – used as medicines and food
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preservers. Melake key or gateway to Spice Islands.
Portugal controlled, then occupied Moluccas. (Spice
Island to Europeans)
1. Shift in Power
English and Dutch arrive, better financed. Dutch in
particular consolidate power and military control.
2. Impact on the Mainland
By early 17th century other European countries arrive.
Less impact of mainland SE Asia. Mainland states
were able to unite and drive Europeans out. These
areas had begun to define themselves as distinct
political entities. They had strong monarchs that
resisted foreign intrusion. Spice trade enormously
profitable in non-mainland area, so Europeans gain
control of the sources of the spices.
Section 4 review
 Why were spices highly valued and sought out so
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eagerly?
They had medical uses and preserved meat for winter.
The Islamic trade network developed in the Malay
Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago because
Muslim merchants wanted to trade what?
Spices
The Southeast Asian states evolved into four styles of
monarchy, including:
Vietnamese emperors, Islamic sultans, Buddhist kings,
and Javanese kings.
Section 4 review
 What group of explorers first found the gateway to the
Spice Islands?
 Portuguese
 The Vietnamese emperor ruled according to whose
teachings?
 Confucius