Transcript Modern Age of Missions

Golden Age of
Missions 1800-1900
Following the heroic first efforts to evangelized the
unreached, now a systematic and global mobilization
of evangelicals for world evangelism was launched
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European and American
Missions (1832-1860)
Liberian Mission Compound
 Missions were paternalistic, financially subsidized, insensitive to
cultural differences and encouraged dependency– missionary is
the ruler
 To be Christian had to be European in dress and custom
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Civilizing instead of evangelizing
 There was little confidence in national’s ability and reluctance to
indigenous leadership, much less financial trust with resources
 Henry Venn developed the 3-selfs formula and coined the phrase
“euthanasia of missions.”
 Change was hard to be effective until forced to do so in 1899 in
China
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Social Issues
Title page of abolitionist
book
 Slavery in US began in 1619 until 1864, from raids in
Africa – How did nationals see missionaries then?
 Second Awakening was quenched by social issues and
the Civil War
 Poverty due to industrialization, is there a remedy?
 Southern Baptist Convention formed to allow former
slave owners to be pastors and missionaries.
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Colonial Expansion
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Alexander MacKay Uganda (1849-1890)
 MacKay was trained in the classics, applied
mechanics, higher mathematics, natural philosophy,
surveying and fortifications – became an missionary
engineer
 Ran a school to teach reading, writing and arithmetic
and building and design.
 MacKay translated the Gospel into Uganda language
 Stanley declared MacKay was the “best missionary
since Livingston.”
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Golden Age of
Missions (1865-1910)
Status of the US, 1861
 Killed in the Civil War: 258,000 South; 360,000 North; and
400,000 wounded.
 Skepticism about Bible truth and values thanks to
Darwinian theory, Documentary Theory and rationalism
 German higher criticism
 Third Awakening was about to begin (1850-1900)
 Development of strong social concern
 Postmillennial
 Holiness Movement
 Great revivals, especially in Southern Armies
 D. L. Moody was key figure
 Liberal social concern was beginning in parallel to
evangelical missions
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Quality of
Missionaries
Example of Colonialization in
Africa
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Mainland and American missionaries usually college educated,
but from England recruited out of churches
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Only 36% had college training between 1815-1891
What they lacked in academics they excelled in character
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CMS lost 53 missionaries in first 20 years in Sierra Leone –
more in Liberia
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Melville Cox, died in 4 mo. “Let a thousand fall before Africa be
given up”
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Commercial exploitation committed military to organize
countries for profits back to Europe. 5 countries owned 95%
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Missionaries generally followed the military/commercial
expansions
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Hudson Taylor –
China (1832-1905)
Hudson and
Maria 1865
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Saved reading a gospel tract, while mother prayed
Learned faith principles from Plymouth Brethren; learned
open air preaching and tract distribution
Taught himself Mandarin, Greek, Hebrew and Latin
Lived in poverty while studying midwifery
Departed in 1853 for 5-month trip to China
George Muller encouraged him to resign from problematic
mission and start his own, Ningpo Mission
Taylor met and married Maria Jane at Ningbo – after two
children (1 died), decided to return to England for furlough
“If I had a thousand pounds China should have it – if I had
a thousand lives, China should have them. No! Not China,
but Christ. Can we do too much for him? Can we do
enough for such a precious Savior?”
Ningbo
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Wordless book preaching
Hudson Taylor –
China (1832-1905)
 While recovering health in England translated NT into
Duncan Kay
flia
Romanized
Ningbo dialect for the Bible Society, graduated from medical
school, and wrote a book
 Traveled in conferences throughout England promoting China
 Decided to form a new society dedicated to reaching the interior
of China: China Inland Mission (1865)
 Distinctives:
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Missionaries from various denominations
No guaranteed salary—income shared and no debts
No appeal for funds would be made
Decision-making power delegated to the field, not home office
Seek to penetrate the interior in every province
Missionaries would wear typical Chinese clothes and worship
Chinese-style
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Hudson Taylor –
China (1832-1905)
Jennie Faulding
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Largest group of missionaries sent to China, but conflicts on field soon
led to dismissal of 4 in 1868
1870 Maria and children return to England: 5 year old dies en route, 5
months later Maria dies in childbirth
Hudson returns to England marries Jane Faulding, returns to China with
18 new missionaries
Hudson’s ministry in England challenged a famous athletes, esp. C. T.
Studd, along with seven Cambridge University students, “the Cambridge
Seven”
By 1881 there were 100 missionaries in the CIM, by 1883 there were 225
missionaries; by 1887 there were 325.
In 1888 Taylor brought the first 14 missionaries from the Americas
In 1900 the Boxer Rebellion killed 58 missionaries and 21 children of the
CIM
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On 11th and final trip to China Hudson dies and is buried next to 1st wife
John Nevius – China (18291893)
 American missionary to China from 1853
 Practiced itinerating missions, leadership training and 3-selfs
principles of “indigenous” church principles
 1890 taught 3-selfs principles to new Korean missionaries that
resulted in explosive Korean church
 Nevius’ Principles:
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Believers must be self-supporting and stay in their community
Limit programs to what the nationals want and can support
National churches should call and support their own pastors
Church should be native style with funds only from nationals
Intensive biblical training provided for all believers every year
Missionary should focus on widespread itineration evangelism
Self-propagation is taught by every one becoming a teacher of
someone else
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Lottie Moon – China
(1840-1912)
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Raised near Roanoke, VA
Appointed first single female missionary by SBC
Spent 40 years in China as teacher to children and evangelist to
women
Challenged SBC women to form their own missionary
organization for support and promotion of missions
Encouraged an annual Christmas offering for foreign missions in
1888 (an offering later took her name)
Her approach was different: “It is comparatively easy to give
oneself to mission work ... but it is not easy to give oneself to an
alien people. Yet the latter is much better and truer work than the
former.”
She advocated regular furloughs
During a national famine she succumbed to malnutrition, dying
en route to the US for health reasons.
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Amy CarmichaelIndia (1867-1951)
 Raised an Irish Presbyterian and started several
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women’s ministries in Ireland
Challenged to give up her life for missions by Hudson
Taylor
Ill health made her unacceptable to CIM, so joined
Church Missionary Society, to India
Worked with Hindu temple young girls forced into
temple prostitution to earn money for priests
When asked, What is missionary life like?, she wrote:
“Missionary life is simply a chance to die.”
Her example inspired thousands of missionaries
Chennai, cap. of
Tamil Nadu
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Dohnavur
C.T. Studd –
China, India,
Africa (1860-1931)
 Son of wealthy British investor in India and world-class
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cricket player
Studd followed Hudson Taylor to China in 1885 along with
six others known as the “Cambridge Seven” who turned their
backs on sports and professional careers which sparked the
Student Volunteer Movement
CIM doubled in sized after the Cambridge Seven in 5 yrs
Arriving in China he turned 25 at which time his father’s will
transferred to him a large fortune, which he gave away to
George Muller, D. L. Moody and other ministries.
15 years later Studd went to India to pastor for 7 years for
British and local officials
1910 Studd went to Sudan convicted by lack of Christian
witness, establishing 4 mission stations to reach 8 tribes
His wife’s illness forced a return to England; she would work
at WEC hdq and Studd returned to Africa for 15 yrs w/ 1 visit
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D. L. Moody –
Third Awakening and
SVM (1837-1899)
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Started a SS class in the YMCA, which grew to a church by 1864
Anywhere the Union army met he got permission to preach, after
1865 to the Confederate army as well
For over two years (1872-1874) he and Sankey traveled
throughout England, Scotland and Ireland in non-stop city-wide
evangelistic campaigns
From 1875-1876 he and three other evangelists campaigned in the
major cities of the Midwest and Atlantic coast, preaching the
message of salvation
After starting several primary and secondary schools in 1886 the
Chicago Evangelization Society (Moody Bible Institute) was
founded
He started a “College Students’ Summer School” at Mt Hermon,
Northfield MA – this birthed the Student Volunteer Movement
By 1911 5,000 missionaries had volunteered through this
movement
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John R. Mott – SVM
(1865-1955)
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Hearing the ministry CT Studd’s son in 1886 state, “Seekest thou
great things for thyself ? Seek them not. Seek ye first the Kingdom
of God” began a 50-yr labor
As rep. of Cornell U.’s YMCA at the first interdenominational
student Christian conference ever held, he along with over 100
out of 251 from 89 pledged to work in foreign missions, thus the
SVM
For 27 years Mott was the national secretary for the
intercollegiate YMCA of America and Canada and chairman of
the SVM for foreign missions.
In 1910 he made chairman of the International Missionary
Council in Edinburgh
He organized national student movements in India, China,
Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe
He organized 21 regional missionary conferences
He wrote 16 books, crossed the Atlantic 100+ times, spent 34
days a year on the ocean for 50 years promoting the cause of
world evangelism
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Bible Institute
Movement
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With the rise of mass evangelism, SVM on one hand and
rationalism and secularism on the other, a need arose to train
future leaders and missionaries in biblical knowledge
Bible Institutes were typically 3-year programs
Most were premillennial and dispensational, inerrancy,
evangelistic and very focused toward ministry
Liberal Arts Bible colleges developed in the 1930’s – 1970’s to
offer alternatives for university training in career fields other than
and including Christian ministry fields, but mostly for Christian
ministries (i.e. Christian education, science as teachers, business
to support ministries, sports as testimony, etc.).
Christian Universities expanded the offerings with the
philosophy of putting Christian leaders in all careers, but
Christian ministry preparation is only one among many careers.
Accreditation tends to move institutions towards secular
methodologies and objectives, de-emphasizing biblical priorities
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