Transcript Macromolecules

Nutrients and Macromolecules
BSCS
Nutrients
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Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleotides
Fats
Vitamins and essential elements
Digestion
• Nutrients are broken down to pass into the
circulatory system
• Carbohydrates are broken down into simple
sugars
• Proteins are broken down into amino acids
• Fats are broken down into simpler molecules
Protein
• Proteins are essential for repairing and maintaining
body tissue.
• Protein is obtained by a variety of sources to provide
essential amino acids.
• The body can synthesize 20 amino acids, but another 8
must be obtained by eating food.
• Amino acids consist of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and
oxygen
• Many amino acids bond together in a chain that folds
into a precise shape called a protein. The shape
determines the function. This can be determined by
hormones.
Protein function
• Proteins do the work in the cell, they…
• A. provide structure such as collagen & keratin
• B. provide communication between cell and organs
such as neurotransmitters, receptors and hormones
• C. allow transport of substances in and out of cells such
as channels, carriers and pumps
• D. allow recognition and cell protection such as
antibodies
• E. speed up metabolic reactions in cells such as
enzymes
Nucleotides
• These macromolecules are made of sugars,
phosphates and nitrogenous bases such as DNA
• DNA is inherited from parents and determines
traits of offspring
• DNA determines structure and function of a cell.
• RNA is another nucleotide that serves a s a
template for DNA
• ATP is another nucleotide produced during
glycolysis and aerobic cellular respiration. This is
the energy molecule of the cell.
Fat or Lipids
• Important for making hormones, cell membranes and
for storing energy.
• Saturated fats are obtained from animal products.
• Simple fats consist of 3 fatty acid molecules joined to a
molecule of glycerol.
• Fatty acids contain carbon, hydrogen a small amount of
oxygen. They provide development of nervous and
reproductive systems. One source of fatty acids is fish
oil.
• Fats should consist of no more than 30% of a daily diet.
• Lipids are hydrophobic, repels water, and serve as a
source of energy and energy storage.
Carbohydrates, fiber , vitamins and
essential elements
• Carbohydrates provide fuel for the body through ATP.
• Simple sugar contain carbon, hydrogen and many oxygen’s.
One example is glucose
• The basic unit is a saccharide. 1=monosaccharide,
2=disaccharide, 3 or more=polysaccharide.
• Starches consist of many simple sugars bonded together in
branching structures.
• Fiber provides cellulose which absorbs water, toxins and
eventually eliminates waste.
• Along with enzymes, vitamins regulate cellular activities
such as growth.
• Elements are basic components of matter.
Enzymes
• Enzymes speed up or catalyze molecular
reactions.
• Enzymes act on molecules called substrates.
• Substrates bind to specific places on enzymes.
• Carbohydrate and protein act as substrates in
digestion.
Digestive enzymes
• These break down larger molecules into simpler
molecules, many under certain pH conditions
• Lower pH means more acidic
• Amylase breaks down starch into double sugars
or 2 glucose making Maltose. This happens at a
pH of 6.9-7.0
• Proteases break down protein into amino acids.
Pepsin at a pH of 2.0, others at a pH of 7.0 to 8.0
• Lipases break down fats into fatty acids and
glycerol at a pH of 8.0
Organs in digestion
• Amylase is an enzyme in the mouth, pepsin in the
stomach and pancreatic amylase, protease and lipase
in the small intestine.
• Further breakdown and absorption of simple sugars,
amino acids and fatty acids take place in the small
intestine due to these enzymes.
• The liver and pancreas also produce digestive enzymes.
• The liver produces bile which is stored in the
gallbladder. Bile contain bile salts which break down
fats into tiny droplets so enzymes work well because of
larger surface area.
Organs con’t
• The liver monitors nutrient levels in the blood
and adjust them accordingly. The liver also
removes toxins.
• If glucose levels drop in your bloodstream, the
liver releases more glucose stored as glycogen.
Glycogen can be broken down into glucose to
replenish low levels.
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•The End