Transcript Treatment Strategies for DWI Offenders
Relief, without Remedy:
The Return of Heroin
Terrence D. Walton, MSW, CSAC Director of Treatment Pretrial Services Agency for the District of Columbia
Any substance that alters mood, level of perception, and/or brain functioning
Bottle to Blood to Brain Route of Administration:
Smoke Sniff Snort Shoot Swallow The Blood Brain Barrier Neuro-compatibility
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Power (receptor affinity) Popularity (acceptability) Presence ( accessibilit y) Pay off ( onset & intensity ) Persistence (length of high) Patterns (of use) Penalty ( onset & intensity )
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Legal & Illicit Street Drugs and Prescribed Drugs Hard Drugs & Soft Drugs Very Addictive & Less-Addictive Natural and Synthetic 1.
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Stimulants Depressants Opioids Cannabinols Hallucinogens/ Dissociatives Inhalants/ Deliriants/Other
Number of those 12 and over using heroin rose from 373,000 in 2007 to 669,000 in 2012
Number of those 15 to 24 dying of heroin overdose rose from 198 in 1999 to 510 in 2009.
Drug overdose was the leading cause of injury death in 2010. Among people 25 to 64 years old, drug overdose caused more deaths than motor vehicle traffic crashes.
ER visits for opiate misuse doubled from 2004 to 2008 (CDCP 2010)
Prescription drugs (mostly opiates) are the 2 commonly abused drugs—behind only marijuana (ONDCP 2007) nd most
Those under 18 are among the fastest growing group misusing
Opiates (Vicodin) number one abused prescription drug among adolescent 12 th graders—9.7%
Prescription opiate abuse up 345% between 1998 2010
Heroin is a narcotic that is highly addictive; It is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant.
The most abused and most rapidly acting of the opiates.
Usually seen as a white or brown powder or as a black sticky substance. The differences in color are due to impurities left from the manufacturing process or the presence of additives.
Pure heroin, which is a white powder with a bitter taste, is rarely sold on the streets.
Sometimes cut with other substances such as sugar, powdered milk, cornstarch, or even poisons like strychnine.
H Smack Junk Horse China white Black tar Brown Skag
Injection, smoking, snorting
The user feels the effect of heroin within seconds of taking it. Heroin is converted into morphine when it enters the brain, which disrupts normal brain activity and creates intense feelings of pleasure.
Euphoria Warm flushing of the skin Dry mouth
Death By Overdose
Vomiting Lowered breathing Lowered heart rate
Addiction Arthritis
Death By Overdose, Disease, Suicide,
Infection of the heart lining
Injury, Violence
Abscesses of the skin (at injection sites)
Heroin can cause severe physical and psychological symptoms 6 to 8 hours after the last dosage. Painful withdrawal gets worse as time passes.
Symptoms Include:
Runny nose muscle and bone pain
Emotional distress and restlessness Diarrhea Vomiting Hot flashes and heavy sweating Cold flashes with goose bumps Insomnia
An overwhelming need for more heroin
Any use causes acute and temporary changes and prolong use changes the brain in fundamental, destructive and long lasting ways
A brain based disorder associated with impairment within the brain’s reward center that impacts brain executive functions and results in compulsive, repetitive, self-destructive behaviors
Interact with neurochemistry Results:
Feel Good
– euphoria/reward
Feel Better
– reduce negative feelings/relief
Dopamine
reward
Serotonin
– excitement & – feel – “normal”
GABA
– lowers anxiety
Endorphin/Enkephalin
– pain relief, reward, craving
Desomorphine (Krokodil) Zohydro (hydrocodone-based)
Manuals Science EBT Best Practice Outcomes
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment Co Occurring Disorders Relapse Prevention 12 Step Preparation Medication Assisted Treatment
1) To provide relief from withdrawal symptoms 2) To reduce craving 3) To prevent drugs from working ~ occupies receptor (antagonist) 4) To provide replacement ~ activates receptor (agonist)
Naltrexone (antagonist) – Interrupts actions of opiates (partially blogs alcohol); reduces cravings
Methadone (agonist) – Opiate addiction – reduces craving, mediates withdrawal symptoms, helps restore normal functioning
Buprenorphine special training (Subuxone) – similar to methadone, may be prescribed by an MD with (partial agonist)
National Registry of Evidenced based Programs and Practices:
www.nrepp.samhsa.gov
Relief, without Remedy:
Prescription and Illicit Opiate Abuse
Terrence D. Walton, MSW, CSAC Director of Treatment Pretrial Services Agency for the District of Columbia