SISTEM INFORMASI • Mengapa belajar system informasi?

• Konsep system • Lingkungan system • Tipe system • Organisasi sebagai sistem

Why Study Information Systems

• Computers are everywhere • People/Workers all have to use computers and depend on information systems in their work • Information systems are at the foundation of organizations today • Electronic commerce is rapidly becoming the dominant way of doing business, of transacting business and managing organizations – Business to Business (B2B), Business to Customer, Business to Employee – Business to Government, Government to Consumer, … • To help you – Advance your career – Be a better manager – In your own personal life

Challenges in the Study of MIS

• Wide variety of knowledge areas • Body of knowledge is recent and evolving • Terminology imprecise and controversial • Changing technology and products • IS problems/solutions difficult to identify and define • Ambivalence toward Computers/IS, & IS Professionals on the part of managers, users, and the public.

• • Abstract System : orderly arrangement of

interdependent ideas or constructs

Physical System : a set of elements which operate

together to accomplish an objective

INPUT Subsystem …ENVIRONMENT… PROCESS Subsystem I n t e r f a c e s OUTPUT Subsystem …ENVIRONMENT…

Further perspective : System Concepts

• What is a system?

– A set of components that interact to accomplish goals – Systems can be viewed as process models in terms of their inputs, outputs, processing, and feedback/control mechanisms. • What is an IS?

– A set of interrelated components that collect input, process, and output data and information and provide a feedback/control mechanism • What is a CBIS?

– An IS that uses IT.

– Components: hardware, software, databases, networks, people, procedures

FUNCTIONS of an INFORMATION SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT Customers Suppliers ORGANIZATION INPUT INFORMATION SYSTEM PROCESS OUTPUT FEEDBACK Regulatory Agencies Stockholders Competitors

System Examples • University – an example

– Inputs: students, faculty, textbooks – Processing mechanisms: teaching, research, service – Output: graduates – Goal: acquisition of knowledge

A Manufacturing System: Generic Components

Environment Feedback Signals Control Signals Control by Management Feedback Signals Control Signals Input of Raw Materials System Boundary Manufacturing Process Other Systems Output of Finished Products

Systems: Some Examples

• University – Inputs: Students, Faculty, Textbooks – Processes: Education/Courses – Output: graduates – Feedback: surveys, grades • Toyota Plant – Inputs: raw materials, components – Processes: assembly line – Output: mini-vans – Feedback: customer surveys, quality reports • Fast Food IS – Inputs: consumer orders – Processes: processing software – Output: receipts, cook’s order list – Feedback: invalid entry message • Video Store IS – Inputs: rentals, returns – Processes: processing software – Output: reports, rental agreement – Feedback: error repots

Deterministic Systems

 operates in predictable manner  interaction is known with certainty  eg.: computer program

Probabilistic Systems

 probable behavior  certain degree of error  eg.: inventory system

Closed Systems

 self-contained  no exchange with environment  eg.: sealed chemical reaction

Open Systems

 self-organizing  exchange with environment  eg: living systems, organizations

Closed Systems

No exchanges with environment

Relatively Closed System

Known and defined input Controlled exchange with environment insulated from outside disturbances Known and defined output

Open System

Known Known Unknown Disturbances Subject to known and unknown inputs and environmental disturbances Output

 created, not occurring in nature  to support the objectives of designers and users  eg.: organizations, IS, computer programs

In decision making process (behavioral models) :

•Classical Economic Model : closed system •Administrative Model : open system

Organizations as Open Systems

1. The importation of energy 2. Throughput 3. Output 4. Systems as cycles of events 5. Negative entropy 6. Information input, negative feedback, and the coding process 7. The steady state and dynamic homeostasis 8. Differentiation 9. Equifinality

Information Systems as a System

The 5 (five ) major subsystems :

1. Hardware and system software 2. Management and Administration 3. Operations 4. Application System Development and Maintenance 5. Application Systems